5 research outputs found

    VintervÀghÄllning i de nordiska lÀnderna : Statusrapport 2020

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    I de nordiska lĂ€nderna Ă€r vintervĂ€ghĂ„llningen viktig för att kunna upprĂ€tthĂ„lla en god tillgĂ€nglighet och ett trafiksĂ€kert vĂ€gsystem. Det innebĂ€r ocksĂ„ att vintervĂ€ghĂ„llningen har en relativt stor andel av drift-och underhĂ„llsbudgeten för de nordiska lĂ€nderna. Projekten som pĂ„gĂ„r syftar dĂ€rför bĂ„de till att kunna leverera en bra kvalitet pĂ„ vintervĂ€ghĂ„llningen till trafikanterna och att det genomförs pĂ„ ett sĂ„ kostnadseffektivt sĂ€tt som möjligt. I de nordiska lĂ€nderna pĂ„gĂ„r det projekt för att styra, planera, effektivisera, följa upp, informera och konsekvensbeskriva vintervĂ€ghĂ„llningen. Det pĂ„gĂ„r Ă€ven utvecklingsprojekt gĂ€llande utrustningen för vintervĂ€ghĂ„llning, materialegenskaper och nya metoder för genomförandet för att bli effektivare och bidra till enlĂ€gre miljöpĂ„verkan. Digitaliseringen ger nya möjligheter att mer systematiskt arbeta med vintervĂ€ghĂ„llningens olika delar frĂ„n planering och styrning till uppföljning. De nordiska lĂ€nderna har startat upp projekt för att möta de nya möjligheterna med digitalisering och att sĂ€kerstĂ€lla att det finns en hög kompetens i yrkeskĂ„ren. I DanmarkpĂ„gĂ„r en fortsatt vidareutveckling av VINTERMAN, ett system för styrning och uppföljning av vintervĂ€ghĂ„llningen. Det Ă€r ett system som utgĂ„r frĂ„n vintervĂ€ghĂ„llningens alla delar för att pĂ„ ett systematiskt sĂ€tt strukturera och arbeta effektivt med helheten. Danmark har exempelvis ett antal projekt som syftar till att öka kvaliteteten och effektiviteten vid saltning, bland annatpĂ„gĂ„r ett projekt som syftar till att via GPS kunna anpassa spridning och dosering efter prognoser frĂ„n VINTERMAN. Finlandnyttjar ett uppföljningssystemför vintervĂ€ghĂ„llningen som benĂ€mns HARJA. Det lanserades Ă„r 2018 och samlar bland annat in data i realtid och smĂ€rre utveckling av görs vidbehov. Finland har Ă€ven utvecklingsprojekt för att implementera en ny entreprenadmodell, dĂ€r utgĂ„ngspunkten Ă€r en ökad samverkan mellan bestĂ€llare och entreprenör. Pilotstudier har pĂ„visat goda resultat framförallt nĂ€r det gĂ€ller möjligheten att lösa akuta situationer pĂ„ ett bra sĂ€tt. Finland har Ă€ven implementerat nya kvalitetsnivĂ„er i vinterdriften,dĂ€r sĂ€rskilt fokus ligger pĂ„ nĂ€ringslivets behov ochtunga transporter Islandhar vintervĂ€ghĂ„llningen i egen drift pĂ„ de statliga vĂ€garna och har inte riktigt samma behov som övriga nordiska lĂ€nder nĂ€r det gĂ€ller utveckling av system för styrning och uppföljning. De utvecklar en ny plattform för driftledningen som syftar till att öka kvaliteten och effektivisera arbetet. MĂ„lsĂ€ttningen Ă€r att öka den interna effektiviteten och att det ska bidra till en ökad tillförlitlighet och sĂ€kerheten, vilket bidrar till en ökad trafikantnytta. I NorgepĂ„gĂ„r ocksĂ„ projekt som syftar till att effektivisera styrningen exempelvis ELRAPP och VEGVÆR, dĂ€r bĂ„da syftar till att bidra till effektivare informationsinsamling för beslutsfattande i olika faser i styrningsprocessen. ELRAPP syftar till att bidra till effektivisering bĂ„de för Statens Vegvesenoch Entreprenören. Det Ă€r ett digitalt system som hanterar allt frĂ„n styrning till leverans-uppföljning. Det pĂ„gĂ„r för tillfĂ€llet utvecklingsprojekt för att förbĂ€ttra och vidareutveckla systemet. Det pĂ„gĂ„r Ă€ven utveckling av VEGVÆR som Ă€r ett system för att hantera vĂ€derinformation och skapa prognoser för förhĂ„llande pĂ„ vĂ€gen. I Sverigeutvecklas DIGITAL VINTERsom syftar till att bygga upp ett systemstöd för beslutsfattare. Det handlar om att skapa förutsĂ€ttningar för att vidta rĂ€tt halkbekĂ€mpningsĂ„tgĂ€rder i rĂ€tt tid för att upprĂ€tthĂ„lla sĂ€kra och framkomliga vĂ€gar. DIGITAL VINTER syftar Ă€ventill att skapa goda förutsĂ€ttningar för att göra tillförlitlig leveransuppföljning och bidra till mer optimerade kravnivĂ„er nĂ€r det gĂ€ller vintervĂ€ghĂ„llning. Ett pĂ„gĂ„ende projekt Ă€r att implementera en delmĂ€ngd av resultaten frĂ„n projektet DIGITAL VINTERVÄGLAGSINFORMATION. Det förvĂ€ntas bidra till en bĂ€ttre leveransuppföljning och dĂ€rmed en jĂ€mnare kvalitet pĂ„ vintervĂ€ghĂ„llningen. Utveckling av ny utrustning och nya metoder för att genomföra vintervĂ€ghĂ„llningen pĂ„gĂ„r kontinuerligt. Inom denna utveckling sĂ„Ă€r trenden att genomföra Ă„tgĂ€rderna pĂ„ ett sĂ„ miljömĂ€ssigt sĂ€tt som möjligt allt viktigare, vilket mĂ„nga av de pĂ„gĂ„ende projekten bidrar med. Det kommer ocksĂ„ ett allt större behov av att utveckla utrustning och metoderför vinterdrift av cykelvĂ€gar. Exempelvis FoU-programmet BEVEGELE har inriktningen av att utveckla denna del för att göra gĂ„ng-och cykel ett mer attraktivt val för trafikanterna.In the Nordic countries, winter road maintenance is important to deliver a safe and reliable road system. This also means that winter road maintenance has a relatively large share of the operating and maintenance budget for the Nordic countries. The developing projects in winter maintenance are therefore aimed both to deliver a high quality of winter service to the customersand that it is carried out in the most cost-effective way possible The Nordic countries have ongoing projects through the managing process;plan, steering, follow up, inform, and describe the winter road maintenance. Development projects are also underway regarding the equipment for winter road maintenance, material properties and new methods for implementation to becomemore efficient and contribute to a lower environmental impact. Digitalisation offers new opportunities to work more systematically with the different parts of winter road maintenance from planning and control to follow-up. The Nordic countries have started projects to meet the new opportunities with digitalisation and to ensure that there is a high level of expertise in the profession. In Denmark, a further development of VINTERMAN, a system for controlling and monitoring winter road maintenance, is in progress. It is a system that is based on all aspects of winter road maintenance to systematically structure and work effectively. For example, Denmark has a number of projects that aim to increase the quality and efficiency of salting, among other things, a project is in progress that aims to adapt the spread and dosage according to forecasts from VINTERMANvia GPS. Finlanduses a winter road monitoring system called HARJA. It was introduced in 2018 and there is some development in Finland to improve the system. Finland also has development projects to implement a new contracting model, where the starting point is an increased collaboration between the client and the contractor. Pilot studies have shown good results, especially when it comes to the ability to solve emergency situations in a good way. Finland has also implemented new quality levels in winter operations, with particular focus on the needs of business and in particular for heavy transport. Icelandhas winter road maintenance in its own operation on the state roads and does not really have the same needs as the other Nordic countries when it comes to developing control and follow-up systems. They develop a new platform for the management that aims to improve quality and streamline work. The goal is to increase internal efficiency and to contribute to increased reliability and safety, which contributes to increased user benefit. In Norway, projects are also underway aimed at streamlining control, suchas ELRAPP and VEGVÆR (road weather), where both aim to contribute to more efficient information gathering for decision-making at various stages in the control process. ELRAPP aims to contribute to efficiency improvements for both the Public Roads Administration(Statens Vegvesen)and the Entrepreneur. It is a digital system that handles everything from control to delivery follow-up. Development projects are currently underway to improve and further develop the system. VEGVÆRis also under development, which is a system for managing weather information and creating road conditionforecasts. In Sweden, DIGITAL VINTER (digital winter)is being developed, which aims to build up a system support for decision makers. It is about creating the conditions for takingthe correct winter maintenance actionsin a timely manner in order to maintain safe, reliableand accessible roads. DIGITAL VINTERalso aims to be a good tool for monitoring that the customers get the expected service level at the road network.An ongoingproject is to implement a subset of the results from the project DIGITAL VINTERVÄGLAGSINFORMATION (Digital information about winter road conditions). It is expected to contribute to a better delivery follow-up and thus a more even quality of winter road maintenance. Development of new equipment and new methods for carrying out winter road maintenance is ongoing. Within this development, the trend to implement the measuresin as environmentally as possible is increasingly important, which many of the ongoing projects contribute. There will also be a growing need to develop equipment and methods for winter operation of cycle paths. For example, the R&D program BEVEGELE focuses on developing this part to make walking and cycling a more attractive choice for road users

    Towards agricultural soil carbon monitoring, reporting, and verification through the Field Observatory Network (FiON)

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    Better monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) of the amount, additionality, and persistence of the sequestered soil carbon is needed to understand the best carbon farming practices for different soils and climate conditions, as well as their actual climate benefits or cost efficiency in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. This paper presents our Field Observatory Network (FiON) of researchers, farmers, companies, and other stakeholders developing carbon farming practices. FiON has established a unified methodology towards monitoring and forecasting agricultural carbon sequestration by combining offline and near-real-time field measurements, weather data, satellite imagery, modeling, and computing networks. FiON's first phase consists of two intensive research sites and 20 voluntary pilot farms testing carbon farming practices in Finland. To disseminate the data, FiON built a web-based dashboard called the Field Observatory (v1.0, https://www.fieldobservatory.org/, last access: 3 February 2022). The Field Observatory is designed as an online service for near-real-time model–data synthesis, forecasting, and decision support for the farmers who are able to monitor the effects of carbon farming practices. The most advanced features of the Field Observatory are visible on the Qvidja site, which acts as a prototype for the most recent implementations. Overall, FiON aims to create new knowledge on agricultural soil carbon sequestration and effects of carbon farming practices as well as provide an MRV tool for decision support

    A Tactile Response in Staphylococcus aureus

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    It is well established that bacteria are able to respond to temporal gradients (e.g., by chemotaxis). However, it is widely held that prokaryotes are too small to sense spatial gradients. This contradicts the common observation that the vast majority of bacteria live on the surface of a solid substrate (e.g., as a biofilm). Herein we report direct experimental evidence that the nonmotile bacterium Staphylococcus aureus possesses a tactile response, or primitive sense of touch, that allows it to respond to spatial gradients. Attached cells recognize their substrate interface and localize adhesins toward that region. Braille-like avidity maps reflect a cell's biochemical sensory response and reveal ultrastructural regions defined by the actual binding activity of specific proteins

    Adhesins, Receptors, and Target Substrata Involved in the Adhesion of Pathogenic Bacteria to Host Cells and Tissues

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