915 research outputs found

    Processes of calcification and sedimentation of the tropical marine green macro-alga genus Halimeda and effects of ocean acidification on its calcareous microstructure

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    Calcifying green macro-algae of the genus Halimeda are common organisms in tropical shallow marine environments. These ramified benthic algae grow by forming successional segments that exhibit an internal skeletal microstructure of the calcium carbonate polymorph aragonite. The calcareous segments become part of the sediment after death. As macro-algae of the genus Halimeda often occur in large quantities and are able to build extensive bioherms, dropped segments from these algae are considered as an important source for carbonate sediments in many shallow water and coral reef environments. Thus detailed knowledge on the calcification of the alga is crucial for estimations on the carbonate budget and sediment dynamics of tropical settings, as this process directly determines the sediment contribution of Halimeda. Furthermore, it is a prerequisite when effects on the formation of its calcium carbonate microstructure under ocean acidification have to be assessed. In this study, internal microstructural features of segments from the species Halimeda opuntia, a cosmopolitan species of the genus Halimeda, are investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The first aim is to study the algaÂŽs calcified microstructure in detail in order to be able to explain the formation of skeletal features in relation to known physiological processes of the alga. Thereby, lifetime primary cementation is identified to be an important process for calcium carbonate deposition in the algal segment. The second aim is to determine potential alterations in the formation of these microstructural features due to elevated seawater pCO2 and the corresponding shift in seawater carbon chemistry. Laboratory experiments show that especially the process of lifetime primary cementation is affected by elevated seawater pCO2. Based on the microstructural investigations, a theoretical model is developed on how physiological daytime and nighttime processes influence the formation of skeletal features in the genus Halimeda. The model also illustrates the basic relationships between changes in the seawater carbon chemistry and changes observed in the skeletal microstructure of the segment under elevated seawater pCO2. As a third objective, segments from living Halimeda and segments recovered from surface sediments are studied and compared using scanning electron microscopy to investigate the occurrence of post-sedimentary processes that alter the original skeletal microstructure. By the investigation of thin-sections of numerous sedimentary segments, species-specificity of Halimeda sediments is observed. Segments found in sediments predominantly originate from heavily calcified lithophytic species of the genus Halimeda, such as from the lineage Opuntia. Microstructural investigations also reveal that the process of lifetime primary cementation strongly determines the preservation potential of Halimeda segments in the sediment. Thus ocean acidification is assumed to impair both the algaÂŽs environmental competitiveness (e.g., grazing protection, pathogen defense, structural integrity) and its carbonate sediment contribution to tropical coastlines and reef islands

    Planar n-in-n quad module prototypes for the ATLAS ITk upgrade at HL-LHC

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    In order to meet the requirements of the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), it will be necessary to replace the current tracker of the ATLAS experiment. Therefore, a new all-silicon tracking detector is being developed, the so-called Inner Tracker (ITk). The use of quad chip modules is intended in its pixel region. These modules consist of a silicon sensor that forms a unit along with four read-out chips. The current ATLAS pixel detector consists of planar n-in-n silicon pixel sensors. Similar sensors and four FE-I4 read-out chips were assembled to first prototypes of planar n-in-n quad modules. The main focus of the investigation of these modules was the region between the read-out chips, especially the central area between all four read-out chips. There are special pixel cells placed on the sensor which cover the gap between the read-out chips. This contribution focuses on the characterization of a non-irradiated device, including important sensor characteristics, charge collection determined with radioactive sources as well as hit efficiency measurements, performed in the laboratory and at testbeams. In addition, first laboratory results of an irradiated device are presented

    Die agonistunabhÀngige Rolle des Angiotensin II-Rezeptors AT1A in der arteriellen Vasoregulation

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    Die myogene Vasokonstriktion dient in SĂ€ugetieren der Aufrechterhaltung eines konstanten hydrostatischen Kapillardruckes zur Vermeidung von Ödemen. An isolierten Arterien kann die myogene Vasokonstriktion unabhĂ€ngig von neuralen und hormonellen EinflĂŒssen durch die VerĂ€nderung des intravaskulĂ€ren Druckes ausgelöst werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschĂ€ftigt sich mit der Rolle des (Angiotensin II)-Rezeptors AT1A in der arteriellen myogenen Vasokonstriktion. Mittels Druck-Myografie wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit die myogene Vasokonstriktion isolierter Mesenterial- und Zerebralarterien ĂŒber einen physiologischen intravaskulĂ€ren Druckbereich von 5 bis 160 mmHg gemessen. Es erfolgte der Vergleich der StĂ€rke der myogenen Vasokonstriktion von AT1A-Rezeptor gendefizienten MĂ€usen im Gegensatz zu GefĂ€ĂŸen von gentechnisch unverĂ€nderten MĂ€usen mit gleichem genetischen Hintergrund. An Mesenterialarterien von AT1A-Rezeptor gendefizienten MĂ€usen konnte im Gegensatz zu GefĂ€ĂŸen von nicht gendefizienten MĂ€usen ein signifikant erniedrigter intravaskulĂ€rer Druck im Bereich von 120-160 mmHg nachgewiesen werden. Der grĂ¶ĂŸte Unterschied in der StĂ€rke der myogenen Vasokonstriktion zwischen den Vergleichsgruppen lag bei absolut 17,9% (bei 160 mmHg) und relativ 46,6% (bei 150 mmHg). An Zerebralarterien konnte ein signifikant erniedrigter intravaskulĂ€rer Druck nur bei 50 und 60 mmHg nachgewiesen werden. Es erfolgte außerdem der Vergleich der pharmakainduzierten arteriellen Vasokonstriktion an GefĂ€ĂŸen von AT1A-Rezeptor gendefizienten und nicht gendefizienten MĂ€usen unter druckkonstanten Bedingungen. An Zerebralarterien aus AT1A-Rezeptor gendefizienten MĂ€usen zeigte sich eine signifikant erniedrigte StĂ€rke der Angiotensin II-vermittelten Vasokonstriktion. Die pharmakavermittelte Vasokonstriktion konnte an isolierten Zerebralarterien in folgender Reihenfolge absteigender StĂ€rke gemessen werden: Endothelin 1 > Phenylephrin > Angiotensin II > Vasopressin. An Mesenterialarterien konnte kein signifikanter Unterschied in der pharmakainduzierten Vasokonstriktion von AT1A-Rezeptor gendefizienten und nicht AT1A-Rezeptor gendefizienten MĂ€usen festgestellt werden. Auch die molekularbiologische Testung von gegen den AT1A-Rezeptor gerichteter siRNA wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit fĂŒr eine spĂ€tere Anwendung im Tiermodell durchgefĂŒhrt. Es erfolgte die Herstellung eines exprimierenden Plasmids, das eine DesoxyribonukleinsĂ€ure (DNA) Sequenz des AT1A-Rezeptors, die an ein FluoreszenzmolekĂŒl gekoppelt war, beinhaltete. Durch Einschleusung dieses Plasmids in Zellen und anschließende polyklonale und monoklonale Selektion konnte eine stabile, den AT1A-Rezeptor exprimierende Zelllinie hergestellt werden. Da im Plasmid die DNA-Sequenz des Rezeptors direkt mechanisch an die Sequenz des Fluoreszenzproteins gekoppelt war, diente die Abnahme der intrazellulĂ€ren Fluoreszenz, im Vergleich zu unbehandelten den Rezeptor exprimierenden Zellen, als Maß fĂŒr die WirkstĂ€rke der siRNA in der Verminderung der Genexpression des AT1A-Rezeptors. Es konnte eine maximale prozentuale WirkstĂ€rke der siRNA von 87,6% erreicht werden. Eine Zunahme der WirkstĂ€rke ließ sich generell durch eine höhere Endkonzentration und eine lĂ€ngere Einwirkdauer der siRNA erzielen. Die druckmyografisch erhobenen Messungen dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass der AT1A-Rezeptor eine Rolle in der arteriellen myogenen Vasokonstriktion spielt. Durch Applikation der hier getesteten siRNA im Tiermodell könnten weitere Erkenntnisse zur Rolle des AT1-Rezeptors in der arteriellen Vasoregulation gewonnen werden

    Effekte eines strukturierten intensiven Hörtrainings auf die kommunikative Kompetenz von Cochlea Implantat-TrÀgern

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    Atrial fibrillation in hemodialysis patients: clinical features and associations with anticoagulant therapy

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    Using data from the international Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS), we determined incidence, prevalence, and outcomes among hemodialysis patients with atrial fibrillation. Cox proportional hazards models, to identify associations with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation and clinical outcomes, were stratified by country and study phase and adjusted for descriptive characteristics and comorbidities. Of 17,513 randomly sampled patients, 2188 had preexisting atrial fibrillation, with wide variation in prevalence across countries. Advanced age, non-black race, higher facility mean dialysate calcium, prosthetic heart valves, and valvular heart disease were associated with higher risk of new atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation at study enrollment was positively associated with all-cause mortality and stroke. The CHADS2 score identified approximately equal-size groups of hemodialysis patients with atrial fibrillation with low (less than 2) and higher risk (more than 4) for subsequent strokes on a per 100 patient-year basis. Among patients with atrial fibrillation, warfarin use was associated with a significantly higher stroke risk, particularly in those over 75 years of age. Our study shows that atrial fibrillation is common and associated with elevated risk of adverse clinical outcomes, and this risk is even higher among elderly patients prescribed warfarin. The effectiveness and safety of warfarin in hemodialysis patients require additional investigation
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