Welfare Impacts of Electricity Generation Sector Reform in the Philippines

This paper reports an empirical investigation into the welfare impacts of an introduction of private sector participation into the Philippines electricity generation sector, by liberalizing the market for independent power producers (IPPs) during the power crisis of 1990-1993. This study uses a social cost and benefit analysis. The main benefits came from IPPs, who contributed to resolving the crisis, and promoted economic and social development. Consumers and investors are net gainers, while the Government lost and there was an air pollution cost. The paper concludes that the reform with private sector participation increased social welfare

Welfare Impacts of Electricity Generation Sector Reform in the Philippines

This paper reports an empirical investigation into the welfare impacts of an introduction of private sector participation into the Philippines electricity generation sector, by liberalizing the market for independent power producers (IPPs) during the power crisis of 1990-1993. This study uses a social cost and benefit analysis. The main benefits came from IPPs, who contributed to resolving the crisis, and promoted economic and social development. Consumers and investors are net gainers, while the Government lost and there was an air pollution cost. The paper concludes that the reform with private sector participation increased social welfare.Electricity; Cost-benefit-analysis; Institutional change.

People’s consumption and savings in correlation with the investments from the economy

In the present economies, especially in the developed ones, the saving process indisputably concerns the banking institutions, the private funds of pensions and the investment funds. Both the classics, and also J. M. Keynes, considered the individual saving as a primordial source of investments. The sacrificing of the present consumption was considered as the basis of the first stage of the investment process, respectively the savings stage. Nowadays, the main productive investments are constituted based on the credits which have been gotten from the banks.investments; the income effect; non-placed economies; placed economies; investment consumption;

THE CONSUMPTION AND THE CONSUMER IN THE ECONOMIC THEORY

The special complexity of the consumption imposes the mention that, in what follows, considering the criterion of the final destination of goods and services, the problem of the non-productive consumption of the population is being approached. Within the mechanism of the economic life, consumption has a central position, fulfilling various functions, determined by the mutual relationships with the different phases and processes of this mechanism, as well as by its own laws of development. Consumption gives finality to production, the usefulness of goods being recognized not only for having a specific material shape, but also because it satisfies a certain necessitythe income effect; the substitution effect; the anticipation effect; the irreversibility of consumption; the demonstration and imitation consumption;

AN EFFECTIVE PROCESS OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION: AN INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION APPROACH

In general, an effective communication is something so difficult to do. The communication process always involves cross cultural factors which would form a potential communication problems. These factors are, such as semantic problems, is that the same of words but having different meaning by the communicators that come from different cultures. Also, the problems are related with tone and intonation voices, perception, etc that come from different clusters of social and cultures.In the organization, the differences that come from different clusters of cultural society are also potential to become barriers of the effective communication which results in incorrect interpretation, evaluation and perception. More over if the boss suffered by “a hard to hearing disease”, as results of differences of position and class that owned by the boss, the barriers would be grow bigger and bigger. The other problems could be come from the Indonesian ethnic groups who embrace “high-context culture”, so that the information such as advice, complain, critic, etc., do not need to be submitted in words, verbal forms. In the high-context culture’s groups, information obtained by conclusion, behavior, and even in silences. More over if the process is related to the superior-subordinate position, so that the process of communication becomes an ineffective one. The boss is often seeing that the messages come from the subordinates is negative, not qualified, so it does not to be heard. If it happens it could cause anxiety and reluctance of subordinates to deliver the right information. Adverse impact of the organization is the existence of subordinate’s dissatisfaction and distrust of the superiors, and therefore contributes the overall organizational performance.This description reveals the barriers that exist in a cross cultural communication in order to achieve an effective organizational communication. The approach used is descriptive qualitative, which produces description of the behavior of certain individuals in an organization and analyzed from the point of view of a thorough and complete. The data obtained from several sources who have worked in an organization for a long time. The author uses the theory of triangulation of sources, methodological, and theories to obtain reliable data. The description of the findings in this paper is the need for cross-cultural approach to organizational communication to achieve an effective communication

DETERMINATION OF AUTOCORRELATION FUNCTION OF WOVEN FABRICS BY USING LASER SPECKLE

ArticleJournal of the Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University. Ser. B, Engineering 13: 49-60(1978)departmental bulletin pape