Toward Justice Epidemiology: Outlining an Approach for Person-Centred Access to Justice

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought widespread public attention to the fields of epidemiology and public health. These fields share a common commitment to the systematic study of disease across populations, with goals of better understanding, preventing, and treating adverse health events. They are empirical, evidence-based, and person-centred. This paper draws on the histories, norms, and methodologies of public health and epidemiology to construct a novel field of study: justice epidemiology. In recent years, a growing body of unmet legal needs research in Canada and elsewhere has demonstrated that justiciable events are likely ubiquitous, but also that these events tend to cluster for some, and that resources to effectively deal with legal problems are unevenly distributed. And while access to justice has been described as the most significant problem facing Canada’s legal system, there has been surprisingly little work done to outline a systematic path forward. Despite projects and initiatives to improve access to justice, we lack a map of what we need to know and how we could begin to understand access to justice problems and solutions. Specifically, there are knowledge gaps regarding the effects of access to justice problems on people’s lives over the long term and on whether interventions to improve access to justice are effective in doing so. Building on some nascent work connecting the fields of justice research and public health, this paper argues for the creation of a person-centred, empirical, interdisciplinary field of study that can help guide efforts to understand, prevent, and respond effectively to justice problems over the next 50 years and beyond. La pandémie de COVID-19 a attiré l’attention du public sur les domaines de l’épidémiologie et de la santé publique. Ces domaines partagent un engagement commun en faveur de l’étude systématique des maladies au sein des populations, dans le but de mieux comprendre, prévenir et traiter les événements sanitaires indésirables. Ils sont empiriques, fondés sur des données probantes et centrés sur la personne. Cet article s’appuie sur l’histoire, les normes et les méthodologies de la santé publique et de l’épidémiologie pour construire un nouveau champ d’étude : l’épidémiologie de la justice. Ces dernières années, un nombre croissant de recherches sur les besoins juridiques non satisfaits au Canada et ailleurs ont démontré que les événements justiciables sont probablement omniprésents, mais aussi que ces événements ont tendance à se regrouper pour certains, et que les ressources permettant de traiter efficacement les problèmes juridiques sont inégalement réparties. Alors que l’accès à la justice a été décrit comme le problème le plus important auquel est confronté le système juridique canadien, il est surprenant de constater que peu de travaux ont été réalisés pour tracer une voie systématique vers l’avenir. Malgré les projets et les initiatives visant à améliorer l’accès à la justice, nous ne disposons pas d’une carte de ce que nous devons savoir et de la manière dont nous pourrions commencer à comprendre les problèmes et les solutions en matière d’accès à la justice. Plus précisément, nous manquons de connaissances sur les effets des problèmes d’accès à la justice sur la vie des gens à long terme et sur l’efficacité des interventions visant à améliorer l’accès à la justice. S’appuyant sur des travaux naissants reliant les domaines de la recherche sur la justice et de la santé publique, cet article plaide en faveur de la création d’un champ d’étude interdisciplinaire, empirique et centré sur la personne, qui puisse contribuer à orienter les efforts visant à comprendre, prévenir et répondre efficacement aux problèmes de justice au cours des cinquante prochaines années et au-delà

Speech and language processes in children who stutter compared to those who do not within an oral narrative task

Background and Purpose: Language ability in children who stutter has been linked to the occurrence of stuttering, however, the validity of research supporting this connection has been recently questioned. Previous research, within this area, has been limited by methodological confounds, such as lack of appropriately matched comparison groups, and the use of measures with insufficient sensitivity to potentially examine the subtle differences between children who stutter (CWS) and children who do not stutter (CWNS). Frequent hesitations or pauses are defining characteristics of the speech of people who stutter. However, little is known about the nature and frequency of the pauses found within the speech of CWS. Examination of pauses within speech is a novel method of analysing speech production with the potential to provide insight into the speech and language processing and an opportunity to explore differences between normal and disordered speech. This study aimed to compare the speech and language processes of CWS to CWNS. Methods and Procedures: This study compared language and pause measures taken from narrative samples of age (Mean age = 6 years and 10 months) and gender matched CWS (n= 6), and CWNS (n= 6). The oral narratives were collected using a story generation task and were transcribed and analysed using the Systematic Analysis of Language Transcription (SALT) (Miller & Iglesias, 2012). For each sample the mean length of utterance in morphemes, the total number of utterances, the number of different word roots, the % intelligible words and the % words in mazes were calculated. Additionally the computer software programme PRAAT was used to segment the samples into sections of speech and pauses and the segmented samples were transformed into two lognormal pause distributions (Boersma, & Weenink, 2013). The pauses of CWS were analysed twice, once with stutters present and once with stutters removed. For the two groups the results from the language and pause analyses were compared through ttests and the relationship between Percent Syllables stutters, and the pause and language measures, was examined through correlation. Results: For all discourse and pause measures the difference between the CWS and CWNS was not significant. The only significant difference was found between the CWS and CWNS in the degree of overlap of the short and long pause distributions (Misclassification Rate) in the samples of CWS, when stutters were present. Percent Syllables Stuttered was found to be significantly positively correlated with Percent Mazes and Syllables Spoken per Second when stutters were present in the samples of CWS. Percent Syllables Stuttered was found to be significantly negatively correlated with Short Pause Mean with stutters present in the samples of CWS. Conclusions: In this study, the connection between stuttering and language was not supported as the language measures gathered from CWS were all found to be similar to those gathered from CWNS. The findings in this research support explanations of stuttering in which stuttering is attributed to factors exclusive to language ability, such as stuttering being a difficulty in speech motor contro

Towards Flight Trials for an Autonomous UAV Emergency Landing using Machine Vision

This paper presents the evolution and status of a number of research programs focussed on developing an automated fixed wing UAV landing system. Results obtained in each of the three main areas of research as vision-based site identification, path and trajectory planning and multi-criteria decision making are presented. The results obtained provide a baseline for further refinements and constitute the starting point for the implementation of a prototype system ready for flight testing

A retrospective and cross-sectional study to evaluate the effect of dietary acculturation on the dietary calcium intake among Filipino women who recently immigrated to New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Human Nutrition at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand

Filipinos in New Zealand have steadily grown in number over recent decades, and the majority undergo a dietary acculturation process, or the dietary adaptation of individuals in their host country. In the Philippines, the nutrient with the highest inadequacy in the diet is calcium, primarily contributed by fish and indigenous vegetables that are not readily available in New Zealand. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of dietary acculturation on the calcium intake of Filipino women recently immigrated to New Zealand and to explore the primary factors affecting their bone mineral status. Sixty-two (62) healthy pre-menopausal Filipino women (20–45 years old) were recruited. Current and previous dietary calcium intake, serum 25(OH)D (nmol/L) (n=61), physical activity data via an accelerometer, and bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were measured. Gross lean mass was calculated (total mass – [whole body total bone content + total fat mass]). Variables considered to be associated with bone mineral status were applied to a multiple regression analysis using the enter method. The median calcium intake for New Zealand [418 (260, 620) mg d-1] after immigration was significantly lower than the intake in the Philippines [506 (358, 823) mg d-1], Z= -2.41, p=0.02, medium effect size r=0.22. The significant predictor of bone mineral status among Filipino women was gross lean mass, whereas current and previous dietary calcium intake, physical activity and serum 25(OH)D were not found to be significant. However, a high prevalence (69%) of serum 25(OH)D <50nmol/L (mild–moderate deficiency) was detected. These findings illustrate the potential detrimental consequences of dietary acculturation on the essential nutrient intake of immigrants, but also provide an opportunity to correct previous dietary inadequacies by exposure to corresponding nutrient-dense foods from the host country

Perancangan Aplikasi Informasi Multimedia Tanaman Buah Kebun Raya Bogor dengan Augmented Reality

Kebun Raya Bogor adalah salah satu tempat wisata botani, Selain sebagai tempat untuk mempelajari atau mendalami ilmu pengetahuan alam, Kebun Raya Indonesia merupakan salah satu lembaga yang bertanggung jawab terhadap konservasi ex-situ flora asli Indonesia mempunyai perananpenting dalam mempertahankan dan mengembangkan potensi tanaman buah yang ada. Terdapat tidak kurang dari 102 jenis tanaman buah. Media informasi yang terletak pada area perkebunan sudah tersedia namun untuk mencari informasi lebih lengkap tentang tumbuhan atau tanaman buah tersebut,pengunjung tidak bisa mendapatkannya secara langsung. Kurang lengkapnya informasi yang lebih detail pada area koleksi Kebun Raya Bogor membuat pengunjung tidak mengetahui manfaat lebih daritubuhan tersebut. Pengungjung harus mencari sendiri di perpustakaan atau informasi dari internet. Tanaman buah mempunyai rentang waktu dalam berbuah, pengujung akan sulit membayangkan jika pohon nya sedang tidak berbuah. Informasi lebih detail seperti ukuran, daun, bunga, buah secaramendetail tidak didapatkan di lokasi tumbuhan tersebut. karena media informasi yang ada hanya memaparkan informasi umum. Informasi multimedia dengan menerapkan teknologi augmented reality dapat menjadi solusi. Perancangan multimedia informasi ini mengunakan Metode Interactive Multimedia System Design Development (IMSDD) dengan penekanan bidang keilmuan desain antarmuka pengguna. Multimedia Informasi dengan memanfaatkan Augmented reality sebagai simulasi dari objek buah dapat memberikan informasi yang lengkap sesuai kebutuhan pengunjung. Informasi multimedia nantinya akan memanfaatkan aplikasi mobile sehingga pengunjung dapat melihat informasitersebut pada lokasi tubuhan buah dikebun yang sangat luas

Distribution and population dynamics of Euphausia lucens (Euphausiacea) in the southern Benguela current

Bibliography: leaves 182-196.The thesis first reviews the research on zooplankton ecology in the Benguela system and then evaluates the contribution of euphausiids to the zooplankton biomass of the southern Benguela region. The study further investigates the population dynamics and maintenance of the dominant euphausiid, Euphausia lucens, principally in the St Helena Bay region because of its importance as a recruitment area for the pelagic fishery