British Women Chemists and the First World War

The First World War is sometimes called the 'Chemist's War' as its prosecution demanded ever increasing quantities of explosives, poison gases, optical glass, synthetic dyes, and pharmaceuticals (1). As the war progressed and severe shortages of chemicals occurred, more and more women were pressed into chemical-related work. Very little has been published about the skilled women chemists who were assigned to war duties (2). They were obviously much fewer in number than the hundreds of thousands of unskilled women who worked in the explosive factories (3), though they certainly did exist. Fortunately, the Women's Work Collection of the Imperial War Museum (IWM) has a significant amount of documentary evidence on the wartime women scientists. This useful material was compiled in 1919 by Agnes Ethel Conway of the Women's Work Sub-Committee of the IWM. Conway circulated a questionnaire to universities and industries informing them that the Committee was compiling a historical record of war work performed by women for the National Archives. In particular, Conway adds: "they [the Sub-Committee] are anxious that women's share in scientific research and in routine work should not be overlooked ..." (4). A sufficient number of replies were received to provide a sense of the breadth of employment of scientifically trained women during the War

Roadblocks to Effective Representation of Uncharged Indefinitely Imprisoned Clients at Guantanamo Bay Military Base

In Part I, this Note will discuss the current epidemic of human trafficking, the various ways the United Nations and the United States have attempted to combat trafficking, and highlight the importance of U.S. prosecutorial duties of witness protection that are especially implicated in human trafficking cases. Part II will present criticisms of efforts by the United Nations and the United States to protect victims of trafficking and their family members. This part will also focus on current U.S. protections afforded to families of human trafficking survivors and programs such as the Witness Security Program, from which U.S. lawmakers may model family protections. In Part III, this Note will argue that, despite an increase in cost, it is crucial that future legislative efforts expand current protection programs to better, and more quickly, protect families of victims. Offering family members in imminent harm derivative continued presence, currently only available to survivors of trafficking, is essential to the goals of U.S. trafficking legislation. Expanding protections for family members would accomplish three goals: (1) allow the survivor to feel secure in coming forward, knowing that her family members will not be harmed; (2) encourage survivors to come forward and cooperate with law enforcement officials, which could lead to further prosecutions of human traffickers and increase the protections offered to survivors of human trafficking; and (3) permit prosecutors to adhere to their duties of witness protection, which extend to family members who are in imminent danger due to the witnesses\u27 cooperation. This Article discusses the many barriers to effective representation and the lawyering realities on the ground at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. There are certainly many, but let me recount a recent experience

Comparing the E-Z Reader Model to Other Models of Eye Movement Control in Reading

The E-Z Reader model provides a theoretical framework for understanding how word identification, visual processing, attention, and oculomotor control jointly determine when and where the eyes move during reading. Thus, in contrast to other reading models reviewed in this article, E-Z Reader can simultaneously account for many of the known effects of linguistic, visual, and oculomotor factors on eye movement control during reading. Furthermore, the core principles of the model have been generalized to other task domains (e.g., equation solving, visual search), and are broadly consistent with what is known about the architecture of the neural systems that support reading

Mislocated fixations during reading and the inverted optimal viewing position effect

AbstractRefixation probability during reading is lowest near the word center, suggestive of an optimal viewing position (OVP). Counterintuitively, fixation durations are largest at the OVP, a result called the inverted optimal viewing position (IOVP) effect [Vitu, McConkie, Kerr, & O’Regan, (2001). Vision Research 41, 3513–3533]. Current models of eye-movement control in reading fail to reproduce the IOVP effect. We propose a simple mechanism for generating this effect based on error-correction of mislocated fixations due to saccadic errors. First, we propose an algorithm for estimating proportions of mislocated fixations from experimental data yielding a higher probability for mislocated fixations near word boundaries. Second, we assume that mislocated fixations trigger an immediate start of a new saccade program causing a decrease of associated durations. Thus, the IOVP effect could emerge as a result of a coupling between cognitive and oculomotor processes

Very high energy gamma rays from isolated pulsars and non-pulsating objects

This thesis is concerned with the detection of very high energy 7-rays from isolated pulsars and objects that are not known to emit pulsed radiation, using the atmospheric Cerenkov technique. The first chapter summarises the processes by which celestial 7-rays can be generated and absorbed. A discussion of the criteria for selecting objects for study is given. The second chapter describes the atmospheric Cerenkov technique and gives a brief outline of its historical development. Details of the design and operation of the current Durham university V.H.E. 7- ray telescopes are given. The third chapter describes the standard analysis techniques used to search for pulsed and unpulsed emission. The fourth chapter presents results of new observations of four isolated pulsars. Upper limits to the V.H.E. 7-ray flux are derived for each pulsar. A summary of the results is given and conclusions drawn regarding the consequences of the observations for the most popular pulsar model. The fifth chapter deals with new analysis techniques that have been developed to test data for the presence of a signal which is not necessarily periodic. A number of different approaches is described. The results of these techniques when applied to simulated data are presented and conclusions are drawn regarding the relative effectiveness of the tests. The sixth chapter applies the most successful test to data from three objects. Upper limits to the flux from Centaurus A and SN1987aare derived from our observations. Evidence for V.H.E. 7-ray emission from Scorpius X-1 is presented, together with evidence that this emission is modulated with the period of the binary orbit of this system. The final chapter summarises the preceding results and conclusions and indicates areas where current research may lead to substantial improvements in telescope design and analysis techniques

Constancy and difference in the dimensions and elements of nursing practice, 1901-1981 : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of M.A. (Soc. Sci.) at Massey University

Irregular pagination: pgs 124 & 285 missingThis study presents a selective literature review in which the three components of modern nursing (practice, education and research) are identified. Consideration is given to the dimensions and elements of two of the components - nursing education and nursing practice and the relationship between these two components is investigated using the examination system of nursing education as the connective link. From the literature review presented in the first three chapters, the Nursing Education Examination. Practice Model (N.E.E.P.) has been derived for this project which examines the constancy and differences in the six stated dimensions of nursing practice and their associated elements along a time continuum from 1901 to 1981. The model is used to collect and collate the data elicited from the analysis of the five yearly sample of State Final examination papers and the identification of historical trends in the New Zealand Nursing Journal, relating to the six dimensions of nursing practice and their associated elements. This two pronged approach allowed the author to crosscheck the findings from the two data sources. In addition, changes in the composition of nursing practice are studied in one specific area; the nursing care of patients with accidental trauma. The following propositions were derived from the literature review presented in the first section of this study; 1. That the six dimensions of nursing practice (care, cure, protection, teaching, co-ordination and patient advocacy) will remain constant over time and different practice setings; 2. that the elements of each dimension will vary with time and with practice setting. The findings elicited from the analysis of surgical examination papers revealed that the three dimensions of care, cure and co-ordination occur in all the time periods investigated in this study. The same three dimensions of nursing practice are evident in at least 81% of the time periods in which questions relating to accidental trauma in the examination papers are found. Therefore these three dimensions can be said to form the "heart" of nursing practice over the years. Although fluctuations occur in the importance placed upon the dimensions, from 1961 increasing emphasis is found in all the dimensions except the cure dimension where a declining trend is demonstrated. It was found that constancy in all six dimensions of nursing practice is apparent from this time. An examination of the elements of nursing practice shows that although the three dimensions of nursing practice remain constant over the years, findings relating to the elements making up three dimensions indicate both constancy and differences. The five elements of nursing practice which make up the "core" elements of nursing practice are; general nursing care; reference to specific patients; functional status; treatments; and nurse interactions. References to these elements appear in each of the 17 time periods in the general analysis. Their importance in relation to the nursing of patients with accidental trauma is also evident. At the other extreme are the elements of sleep, blood pressure, and T.P.R. which appear in less than 3 of the 17 time periods. Reference to patient preferences/ interests are never found in the data elicited from the examination papers. Examination of accidental trauma findings reveals similar trends to the general results. From 1961 particularly the journal articles substantiate the findings elicited from the examination analysis. A brief discussion of the implications of the constancy and difference in the dimensions of nursing practice and their associated elements for nursing is included