Use of traffic flow theory in road traffic counting

U radu se analizira sustav brojenja prometa na hrvatskoj cestovnoj mreži s motrišta teorije prometnoga toka. Obrađeni su načini brojenja prometa i obrade podataka. Dokazano je da brojenje prometa automatskim brojilima samo djelomično zadovoljava suvremene potrebe gospodarenja cestovnim prometnim sustavom. Analizom tehničkih značajki brojila zaključeno je da postoji osnova za bitno poboljšanje sustava i prevođenje sustava brojenja u dinamičku analizu prometnih tokova u mreži.The traffic count system operated in the Croatian road network is analyzed from the aspect of the theory of traffic flow. The methods used in traffic count and in traffic data processing are analyzed. It is shown that the traffic count restricted to automatic counters only is hardly capable of meeting the needs of a modern road traffic management. The analysis of technical properties of traffic counters shows that the present system can significantly be improved and converted into the dynamic analysis of traffic flow in the network

Influence of traffic load on road system management

Analiziraju se prostorne i vremenske neravnomjernosti prometnoga opterećenja kao ključan element u planiranju i projektiranju cestovne mreže, nadzoru, kontroli i upravljanju prometnim tokovima u mreži. Posebnim je primjerom dokazano da prosječni godišnji dnevni promet ne može biti isključivi parametar kojim se opisuje stanje prometnoga toka. Također je dokazano da se i u našim uvjetima mogu primjenjivati neke zakonitosti prometnoga toka utvrđene u inozemnoj stručnoj praksi.All traffic load variations across time and space dimensions are analysed as a key element in the road network planning and design, and in the supervision, control and management of traffic flows within the network. A typical example is used to demonstrate that an average annual daily traffic can not be the only parameter for the description of traffic flows. The author shows that some traffic flow principles determined in international professional practice can also be applied to conditions prevailing in our country

Making the invisible visible

In this review, I will discuss how careful scrutiny of genetic skin disorders could help us to understand human biology. Like other organs, the skin and its appendages, such as hairs and teeth, experience fundamental biological processes ranging from lipid metabolism to vesicular transport and cellular migration. However, in contrast to other organ systems, they are accessible and can be studied with relative ease. By visually revealing the functional consequences of single gene defects, genetic skin diseases offer a unique opportunity to study human biology. Here, I will illustrate this concept by discussing how human genetic disorders of skin pigmentation reflect the mechanisms underlying this complex and vital process.</p

Circularity in value chains for building materials

[EN] The urgency for developing a circular economy is growing, and more and more companies and organisations are concerned with the importance of adapting their business to fit a changing economy. However, many analyses on the circular economy are still rather abstract and there is a lack of understanding about what circularity would mean for specific industries. This insufficient insight especially seems to be apparent in the building and construction sector. Besides, the building and construction sector is responsible for a major part of energy use and emissions. To tackle the issue of insufficient insight into the business consequences of circular devlopments, further research is necessary. Therefore, we propose to collaborate on a research project that aims to provide a more detailed level of analysis. The goal is to identify drivers and barriers to make better use of materials in the building and construction sector. This further research would benefit from an international collaboration between universities of applied sciences and industry from different European countries. An additional benefit of the applied orientation would be the relevance for professional education programmes.Velzing, E.; Van Der Meijden, A.; Vreeswijk, K.; Vrijhoef, R. (2019). Circularity in value chains for building materials. En Proceedings 5th CARPE Conference: Horizon Europe and beyond. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 93-97. https://doi.org/10.4995/CARPE2019.2019.10196OCS939

An agenda for sustainability transitions research: state of the art and future directions

Research on sustainability transitions has expanded rapidly in the last ten years, diversified in terms of topics and geographical applications, and deepened with respect to theories and methods. This article provides an extensive review and an updated research agenda for the field, classified into nine main themes: understanding transitions; power, agency and politics; governing transitions; civil society, culture and social movements; businesses and industries; transitions in practice and everyday life; geography of transitions; ethical aspects; and methodologies. The review shows that the scope of sustainability transitions research has broadened and connections to established disciplines have grown stronger. At the same time, we see that the grand challenges related to sustainability remain unsolved, calling for continued efforts and an acceleration of ongoing transitions. Transition studies can play a key role in this regard by creating new perspectives, approaches and understanding and helping to move society in the direction of sustainability

Sex differences in oncogenic mutational processes.

Sex differences have been observed in multiple facets of cancer epidemiology, treatment and biology, and in most cancers outside the sex organs. Efforts to link these clinical differences to specific molecular features have focused on somatic mutations within the coding regions of the genome. Here we report a pan-cancer analysis of sex differences in whole genomes of 1983 tumours of 28 subtypes as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium. We both confirm the results of exome studies, and also uncover previously undescribed sex differences. These include sex-biases in coding and non-coding cancer drivers, mutation prevalence and strikingly, in mutational signatures related to underlying mutational processes. These results underline the pervasiveness of molecular sex differences and strengthen the call for increased consideration of sex in molecular cancer research

Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes

Cancer is driven by genetic change, and the advent of massively parallel sequencing has enabled systematic documentation of this variation at the whole-genome scale(1-3). Here we report the integrative analysis of 2,658 whole-cancer genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We describe the generation of the PCAWG resource, facilitated by international data sharing using compute clouds. On average, cancer genomes contained 4-5 driver mutations when combining coding and non-coding genomic elements; however, in around 5% of cases no drivers were identified, suggesting that cancer driver discovery is not yet complete. Chromothripsis, in which many clustered structural variants arise in a single catastrophic event, is frequently an early event in tumour evolution; in acral melanoma, for example, these events precede most somatic point mutations and affect several cancer-associated genes simultaneously. Cancers with abnormal telomere maintenance often originate from tissues with low replicative activity and show several mechanisms of preventing telomere attrition to critical levels. Common and rare germline variants affect patterns of somatic mutation, including point mutations, structural variants and somatic retrotransposition. A collection of papers from the PCAWG Consortium describes non-coding mutations that drive cancer beyond those in the TERT promoter(4); identifies new signatures of mutational processes that cause base substitutions, small insertions and deletions and structural variation(5,6); analyses timings and patterns of tumour evolution(7); describes the diverse transcriptional consequences of somatic mutation on splicing, expression levels, fusion genes and promoter activity(8,9); and evaluates a range of more-specialized features of cancer genomes(8,10-18).Peer reviewe

Comprehensive analysis of chromothripsis in 2,658 human cancers using whole-genome sequencing

Chromothripsis is a mutational phenomenon characterized by massive, clustered genomic rearrangements that occurs in cancer and other diseases. Recent studies in selected cancer types have suggested that chromothripsis may be more common than initially inferred from low-resolution copy-number data. Here, as part of the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we analyze patterns of chromothripsis across 2,658 tumors from 38 cancer types using whole-genome sequencing data. We find that chromothripsis events are pervasive across cancers, with a frequency of more than 50% in several cancer types. Whereas canonical chromothripsis profiles display oscillations between two copy-number states, a considerable fraction of events involve multiple chromosomes and additional structural alterations. In addition to non-homologous end joining, we detect signatures of replication-associated processes and templated insertions. Chromothripsis contributes to oncogene amplification and to inactivation of genes such as mismatch-repair-related genes. These findings show that chromothripsis is a major process that drives genome evolution in human cancer