Svenska villkorskonstruktioner och axiologi

Three types of previously unstudied axiological conditional constructions are investigated. The first type is the potential construction with Quantifiers of Factual Proximity (QPF): Om du säger ett ord tillQPF slår jag dig på käften ('If you say one more word, I will punch you in the face'). The second type is the counterfactual construction with QPF: Om han tagit ett steg till, hade han varit död ('If he had taken one more step, he would have been dead'). The third type is the norm-breaking potential construction with the Compound conditional and the Pluperfect: Det skulle ha betytt allt om jag hade fått dom ('It would mean [lit. would have meant] everything if I got [lit. had got] them'). The different speech acts that the constructions perform are also studied: the construction types carry out expressive speech acts and some other speech acts as "threats" and "promises". From a typological perspective, it will be contended that the first and the second construction types are universal, while the third is language-specific

Vegetation change in dry grasslands in Northeast Germany over two decades : A resurvey

Semi-natural dry grasslands in Central Europe harbor many rare and specialized species and face threats due to altered management practices and environmental change. However, more studies on vegetation change and management effects in dry grasslands are needed, especially with consideration of non-vascular taxa. Here we used a resurvey approach to analyze vegetation change in dry grasslands on loamy and sandy soils (Festuco-Brometea, Trifolio-Geranietea sanguinei and Koelerio-Corynephoretea canescentis) in Brandenburg, Northeastern Germany. We surveyed 157 plots (10m2) at each of two time points, 1993-1997, and 20-25 years later, 2017-2018. We recorded a total of 362 vascular plants and 84 non-vascular taxa. Species richness per plot remained stable across surveys. We detected, on average, 32.2 and 21.9 species per plot in dry grasslands on loamy and sandy soils, respectively, including 3.25 and 4.8 non-vascular taxa and 7.6 and 2.2 endangered species according to the regional Red List. We found evidence for vegetation homogenization and a reduction in Shannon diversity and Shannon evenness in the recent survey, suggesting early signs of biodiversity decline. Analyses of mean ecological indicator values and plant traits, as well as of winner and loser species, revealed that changes in vegetation composition were accompanied by an increase in competitive, mesophytic species and a decline in disturbance-tolerant specialists. We further show that the highest diversity in dry grasslands on loamy soils was associated with intermediate levels of grazing. Our findings highlight the conservation significance of dry grasslands and suggest intermediate grazing pressure as a suitable management strategy

Near Infrared Spectroscopy Versus Stump Pressure in Detecting Cerebral Ischemia During Carotid Endarterectomy : A Prospective Multicenter Observational Study

Background: Determining the need for shunt use during carotid endarterectomy (CEA) under general anesthesia (GA) can be based on different methods, and one of the most common is stump pressure (SP). Previous studies have found favorable results of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Methods: Patients undergoing CEA in 2 swedish hospitals were prospectively included. SP, rSO2 at different timepoints as well as neurological symptoms during surgery were reported for all patients. Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis was used to determine the optimal cutoff points for SP and rSO2. Results: A total of 293 patients underwent CEA under local anesthesia (LA) and 66 under GA in 2 hospitals. Thirty two patients operated under LA had neurological symptoms. A relative change in ipsilateral rSO2 <-9% had a negative predictive value (NPV) of 99% in detecting neurological symptoms during clamping. Patients who developed neurological symptoms during clamping had lower Delta rSO2 (-14% +/- 6% vs.-4 +/- 5%, P < 0.001) and lower SP (36 +/- 21 mm Hg vs. 56 +/- 19 mm Hg, P <0.001) compared to those who did not. A Delta rSO2 of <-9% had a sensitivity of 91% (95% confidence interval (CI): 75-98%) and a specificity of 82% (95% CI: 77-87%) in predicting cerebral ischemia, whereas a SP < 50 mm Hg had a sensitivity of 78% (95% CI: 58- 91%) and a specificity of 60% (95% CI: 54-67%). Conclusion: This study found that NIRS could reduce unnecessary shunting while still having a higher sensitivity compared to SP. Additionally, it can also monitor shunt patency

Long-acting nitrate use before and after revascularization to evaluate angina in chronic coronary syndrome : a case-crossover study from SCAAR

Background: The ORBITA and ORBITA-2 trials have valuable insights into the effects of coronary revascularization in chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). However, uncertainties remain regarding the efficacy of revascularization on symptoms in large real-world populations. To evaluate the efficacy of revascularization, we used dispensed long-acting nitrates as a proxy for the presence of angina. Methods: The Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry (SCAAR) was used to identify all patients with CCS and at least one stenosis >= 50% undergoing angiography between the 1st of January 2014 and the 16th of January 2020. Four groups were defined based on treatment strategy: coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, complete revascularization with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), incomplete revascularization with PCI, and no revascularization. As patients in these treatment arms are inherently different, we employed a case-crossover design where each patient served as their own control with data collected during two periods: 1 year before up until angiography and 1-2 years after. This study design inherently controls for time-invariant confounding. The primary outcome was the use of long-acting nitrates defined as a dispensed prescription during the studied periods. Conditional Poisson regression was used to analyse the data. Findings: For this study, 15,955 patients were eligible. CABG, complete revascularization with PCI, and incomplete revascularization with PCI were associated with a decrease in dispensed prescriptions of long-acting nitrates (from 989/2218 [30.8%] to 156/3207 [4.9%]; risk-ratio (RR): 0.16 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.13-0.19]), (from 1676/ 7525 [22.3%] to 966/7525 [12.8%]; RR: 0.58 [95% CI: 0.53-0.62]), and (from 601/2180 [27.6%] to 495/2180 [22.7%]; RR: 0.82 [95% CI: 0.73-0.93]), respectively. No difference was observed for no revascularization (from 864/3043 [28.4%] to 856/3043 [28.1%]; RR: 0.99 [95% CI: 0.90-1.09]). Interpretation: Revascularization reduces the use of long-acting nitrates in patients with CCS, suggesting angina symptom improvement. CABG appears to provide a more significant effect than PCI, with complete PCI demonstrating greater effectiveness than incomplete revascularization. Funding: This work was supported by The Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation, ALF, Skane University Hospital funds, the Crafoord Foundation and the Swedish Medical Association. Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Hazardous alcohol use among patients with psychiatric disorders : Findings from phosphatidylethanol (PEth) screening in healthcare

Identifying hazardous alcohol use among patients with psychiatric disorders is important for improving treatment outcomes. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of hazardous alcohol use across 20 psychiatric diagnoses using phosphatidylethanol (PEth) blood sampling. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of PEth samples collected between 2017 and 2023 from a regional Swedish healthcare database, linked to clinician-assessed psychiatric diagnoses. Participants were adults (≥18 years) with a psychiatric disorder (N = 18,240). Hazardous alcohol use was defined as a PEth concentration &gt; 0.30 µmol/L (∼210  µg/L). Marginal risk ratios (RR) were estimated using logistic regression adjusted for sex, age, comorbidity, season, and healthcare setting. In the sample (mean age: 40 years; 58.7 % female), 7.4 % screened positive for hazardous use. The highest prevalence was observed in patients with substance use disorder (12 %, RR: 1.87, 95 % CI: 1.57–2.23) and panic disorder (8.8 %, RR: 1.43, 95 % CI: 1.19–1.70). Lower prevalence was seen in patients with exhaustion syndrome (5.4 %), ADHD (5.0 %), and obsessive–compulsive disorder (4.2 %). Panic disorder remained significantly associated with hazardous use after adjustment. Male sex (RR: 1.79, 95 % CI: 1.58–2.02) and age, with the highest risk observed around 60 years, were both strongly associated with increased risk. Hazardous alcohol use is prevalent among patients with psychiatric disorders when assessed with PEth. Targeted screening, especially among older men and patients with panic disorder, may improve identification and intervention.Correction in: ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS, Volume 172DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108512</p

Empowering women through radio : Evidence from Occupied Japan

I study the impact of women's radio programs that the US-led occupying force aired nationwide in Occupied Japan (1945-1952) to dismantle the prewar patriarchal norms. From the perspective of the economics of identity, the radio messages can be viewed as attempts to alter gendered identity norms, and thus to shift women's political, economic and family outcomes. Using local variation in radio signal strength driven by soil conditions as an instrumental variable, I show that greater exposure to women's radio programs increased women's electoral turnout, and the vote share for female candidates, highlighting women's votes matter. I find no effects on women's labor market outcomes, but exposure to women's radio programs accelerated the postwar fertility transition. Overall, disseminating pro-gender-equality messages can have significant implications for both women's lives and society at large, potentially paving the way for rapid economic growth that would follow

The impact of policy design on public opposition to restrictive climate policies

With the growing emergency of global warming and biodiversity loss, and difficulties to reduce the impact of consumption, some researchers and government authorities have raised the idea of using rationing to reduce individuals' climate impact. Yet public opinion research on such policies and whether policy design affects public attitudes remain scant. Surveying over 3000 Swedish citizens, we provide the first experimental test of people's attitudes towards the rationing of transportation fuels and red meat in two identical, but separate, conjoint experiments. Our results reveal that the vast majority of our sample have conditional preferences, meaning their support for rationing is contingent on its specific design. In contrast, 23 % of the sample remain strongly opposed to all fuel and meat rationing proposals, irrespective of their design. Opposition to rationing decreases if people are allowed to consume more, if the allocation takes people's needs into account, if people are allowed to consume similar amounts over time and if the price for consumption does not rise unchecked. We uncover clear heterogeneities in design preferences depending on respondent characteristics, particularly for perceived fairness and effectiveness of rationing and current consumption behavior. Our findings add to the growing evidence indicating that the design of climate policies matters for people, but they also uncover the limits of policy design when climate policies have clear material implications

Effect of amino acids on the compaction behavior and stability of spray-dried trypsin/lactose powder

Amino acids (AAs) have been employed as excipients in spray-dried (SD) protein formulations due to their stabilizing effects and particle engineering abilities. However, the research focusing on the influence of AAs on the tabletability of SD protein powders is still limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of five diverse AAs, arginine hydrochloride (Arg &amp; sdot;HCl), leucine (Leu), glycine (Gly), tryptophan (Trp) and sodium aspartate (Asp &amp; sdot;Na), on the compaction behavior and stability of SD trypsin/lactose powders. The SD powders were characterized in terms of morphology, bulk powder properties, residual moisture content, and solid-state structure. Subsequently, the resulting powder compacts were characterized with respect to compressibility, compactability, and tabletability. Lastly, the conformational stability and enzymatic activity of trypsin in different SD formulations after compaction were assessed. The results showed that the SD trypsin/lactose/ Arg &amp; sdot;HCl powder exhibited the poorest tabletability. Moreover, SD trypsin/lactose/Leu powder showed relatively poor tabletability, while SD trypsin/lactose/Trp powder showed a moderate tabletability. On the other hand, SD trypsin/lactose/Gly powder displayed the best compressibility, and the SD trypsin/lactose/Asp &amp; sdot;Na tablets exhibited the highest tensile strengths at high compaction pressures. However, an altered conformation and reduced enzymatic activity of trypsin were observed in the SD trypsin/lactose/Asp &amp; sdot;Na formulation upon compaction. In conclusion, the addition of five different AAs to the SD trypsin/lactose powder system resulted in distinct compaction behaviors and stabilizing effects, which can be attributed to the intrinsic properties of the original SD particles, such as hygroscopicity, morphology, and potential AAs' surface distribution

Smiling in the East and the West : Anatomical, cultural and sociological considerations in facial reanimation surgery

The importance of the smile as a means of communicative and metacommunicative signal in social engagement has been known and highlighted in studies dating back to the early 19th century. It remains a cornerstone of reconstructive surgeries for the paralyzed face. This paper calls attention to the differences between the Eastern and Western smile. Anatomical, cultural, and sociological peculiarities inform the way these populations smile and the way smiling itself is perceived. Reconstructive surgery of today would benefit from considering these aspects and allowing them to individualize the goals of reanimation procedures. (c) 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

Successful Management of Two Consecutive Pregnancies With Maternal-Fetal Phenylketonuria : Lessons From Clinical Practice

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), leading to the accumulation of phenylalanine (Phe) and an increased risk of developmental disorders. Treatment involves a Phe-restricted diet, amino acid supplements, and for a subset of patients, a tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) chaperone. Managing PKU during pregnancy is challenging due to changing protein and energy needs, stricter Phe control, nausea, and unpalatable supplements. In rare cases of simultaneous maternal and fetal PKU, Phe tolerance may increase less throughout gestation, raising the demands on the patient and caregivers. There are few reports and no guidelines on the management of PKU during pregnancies in which both mother and fetus have PKU, hereafter referred to as maternal-fetal PKU (mfPKU). This report outlines our approach for successfully managing two consecutive mfPKU pregnancies. We emphasize a patient-centered approach, focusing on patient education and close collaboration with a multidisciplinary metabolic team. This involves regular monitoring of body weight, blood Phe levels, and calorie intake through an online food diary to tailor individual recommendations for natural protein restriction and amino acid supplements