The introduction of sickness insurance in Spain in the first decades of the Franco dictatorship (1939-1962)

[Abstract:]Using new statistical data on financing, coverage and economic and health care provisions, this article analyses how sickness insurance was introduced, managed and extended in Spain, under the Franco dictatorship, between 1939 and 1962. This article highlights how the dictatorship accelerated its implementation for political motives and this resulted in a failure of the system due to the lack of public financing and the high pharmaceutical, medical and infrastructure cost

Labour repression and social justice in Franco’s Spain: the political objectives of compulsory sickness insurance, 1942-1957

[Abstract:]This article analyzes the basic characteristics of the labor and social policies of the Franco dictatorship established in Spain after the Civil War (1936-1939), and the links which existed between them. The offer of support to working families was presented through a paternalistic discourse of ‘social justice’ which was combined with tough repressive measures in the labor market. Within this context, compulsory social insurances pursued a political end, as they served to mitigate social tensions in a context of worker repression and harsh living conditions. Sickness insurance was a key element in this strategy, and it turned out to be very economical for the dictatorship, as the burden of financing the system was placed on employers and, above all, the workers themselves. This led to financial and management problems within a system providing imperfect coverage, with low benefits and serious inequalities in protection. Consequently, Spain moved away from other advanced countries which, at this time, were establishing their welfare states on the basis of two pillars: the universalization of benefits and the redistributive character of the system from a social point of view

Managing financial constraints: Undercapitalization and underwriting capacity in spanish fire insurance

Reinsurance is a vital financial device for enhancing underwriting capacity, ceding risks and mitigating financial distress. By supplying financial resources and services, reinsurance can facilitate growth and expansion in the insurance business. Focusing on the insurance sector in the emerging Spanish economy and using a novel dataset on fire insurance companies, this paper examines the role of fire insurance in the capital formation, the importance of reinsurance as a vehicle for expanding the country’s domestic underwriting capacity, and how the capital import impacted on the balance of payment, from the introduction of the first comprehensive legislation regarding insurance in 1908 to the outbreak of the Civil War in 1936. Considering the situation of undercapitalization, the singularities of the insurance market, and the changes in regulatory schemes, we find that foreign reinsurance became a key financial vehicle for increasing the underwriting capacity in Spain. We also show the struggle for an emerging market to find ways to keep balance of current accounts and raise capital when the financial infrastructure is underdeveloped. The diffusion of reinsurance networks from the core of industrial Western countries towards emerging economies was one of the mechanisms for financial modernization on a global scale

Multivariate Polynomials in Sage

We have developed a patch implementing multivariate polynomials seen as a multi-base algebra. The patch is to be released into the software Sage and can already be found within the Sage-Combinat distribution. One can use our patch to define a polynomial in a set of indexed variables and expand it into a linear basis of the multivariate polynomials. So far, we have the Schubert polynomials, the Key polynomials of types A, B, C, or D, the Grothendieck polynomials and the non-symmetric Macdonald polynomials. One can also use a double set of variables and work with specific double-linear bases like the double Schubert polynomials or double Grothendieck polynomials. Our implementation is based on a definition of the basis using divided difference operators and one can also define new bases using these operators.Comment: 18 page

Evaluation and improvement of the motivational profile of compulsory secondary education students.

Treball Final de Grau en Psicologia. Codi: PS1048. Curs: 2018/2019.The present study is based on the Educational Situation Quality Model (MOCSE) proposed by Doménech (2017). For more information about the characteristics of this model, you can access the following web address (https://sites.google.com/a/uji.es/plataforma-web-para-la-mejora-de-lamotivacion-escolar-y-el-aprendizaje-en-educacion-secundaria/) where the article cited will be found. The study has two objectives, first, to analyze the relationship between the intention to learn (success expectancies) and the involvement of students in their learning process. Secondly, to examine the relationship between the intention to learn (overall value of subject-matter) and the involvement of students in their learning process. Specifically, we want to test two hypotheses. The first (H1) predicts a positive and significant relationship between success expectancies and active coping strategies (focused on the problem); and vice versa, a negative and significant relationship between success expectancies and passive coping strategies (focused on avoidance), while the second (H2) predicts a positive and significant relationship between the overall value of subject-matter and active coping strategies (centered in the problem); and vice versa, a negative and significant relationship between the overall value of subject-matter and passive coping strategies (focused on avoidance). The sample consists of 74 students from the Caminás, Bajo Aragón, Juan Bautista Porcar and Alfonso XIII High Schools. The data on the variables that were used in this study, has been obtained through the application of a questionnaire based on the Quality of Education Situation Model (MOCSE) proposed by Doménech (2017). In order to analyze the hypotheses proposed, bivariate Pearson correlations have been carried out. After obtaining the results and their subsequent statistical treatment, we can affirm that there is a relationship between the success expectancies and active coping and also, between the overall value of subject-matter and active coping strategies, which allows to determine determining -> that the motivational profile of the students present in our sample is favorable. Finally, we present a proposal for improvement and guidance for teachers with the aim of preventing any deficiency in the motivational climate of the classroom.El presente estudio se basa en el Modelo de Calidad Situación Educativa (MOCSE) propuesto por Doménech (2017). Para conocer las características de este modelo, se puede consultar la siguiente dirección web (https://sites.google.com/a/uji.es/plataforma-web-para-la-mejora-de-la-motivacionescolar-y-el-aprendizaje-en-educacion-secundaria/) donde se encontrara el artículo citado. El estudio tiene dos objetivos, por una parte examinar la relación entre la intención de aprender (expectativas de éxito) y la implicación de los alumnos en su aprendizaje y por otra parte, examinar la relación entre la intención de aprender (Valor de la materia) y la implicación de los alumnos en su aprendizaje. Concretamente queremos probar dos hipótesis. La primera (H1) pronostica una relación positiva y significativa entre las expectativas de éxito y las estrategias de afrontamiento activo (centradas en el problema); y viceversa, una relación negativa y significativa entre las expectativas de éxito y las estrategias de afrontamiento pasivo (centradas en la evitación), mientras que la segunda (H2) pronostica una relación positiva y significativa entre el valor de la materia y las estrategias de afrontamiento activo (centradas en el problema); y viceversa, una relación negativa y significativa entre el valor de la materia y las estrategias de afrontamiento pasivo (centradas en la evitación). La muestra está formada por 74 alumnos de los centros IES El Caminàs, IES Bajo Aragón, IES Juan Bautista Porcar y IES Alfons XIII. La información de las variables utilizadas se ha conseguido a través de la aplicación de un cuestionario basado en el Modelo de Calidad Situación Educativa (MOCSE) propuesto por Doménech (2017). Para examinar las hipótesis planteadas se han llevado a cabo correlaciones bivariadas de Pearson. Tras la obtención de los resultados y su posterior tratamiento estadísticos, podemos afirmar que existe una relación entre las expectativas de éxito y afrontamiento activo y, también, entre el valor de la materia y las estrategias de afrontamiento activo, lo que permite determinar que el perfil motivacional del alumnado de nuestra muestra es favorable. Finalmente, presentamos una propuesta de mejora y orientaciones para los profesores con el objetivo de prevenir cualquier deficiencia en el clima motivacional del aula