Effective Rheology of Bubbles Moving in a Capillary Tube

We calculate the average volumetric flux versus pressure drop of bubbles moving in a single capillary tube with varying diameter, finding a square-root relation from mapping the flow equations onto that of a driven overdamped pendulum. The calculation is based on a derivation of the equation of motion of a bubble train from considering the capillary forces and the entropy production associated with the viscous flow. We also calculate the configurational probability of the positions of the bubbles.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figur

Alignment of the ALICE Inner Tracking System with cosmic-ray tracks

37 pages, 15 figures, revised version, accepted by JINSTALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) experiment devoted to investigating the strongly interacting matter created in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the LHC energies. The ALICE ITS, Inner Tracking System, consists of six cylindrical layers of silicon detectors with three different technologies; in the outward direction: two layers of pixel detectors, two layers each of drift, and strip detectors. The number of parameters to be determined in the spatial alignment of the 2198 sensor modules of the ITS is about 13,000. The target alignment precision is well below 10 micron in some cases (pixels). The sources of alignment information include survey measurements, and the reconstructed tracks from cosmic rays and from proton-proton collisions. The main track-based alignment method uses the Millepede global approach. An iterative local method was developed and used as well. We present the results obtained for the ITS alignment using about 10^5 charged tracks from cosmic rays that have been collected during summer 2008, with the ALICE solenoidal magnet switched off.Peer reviewe

Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes

Cancer is driven by genetic change, and the advent of massively parallel sequencing has enabled systematic documentation of this variation at the whole-genome scale(1-3). Here we report the integrative analysis of 2,658 whole-cancer genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We describe the generation of the PCAWG resource, facilitated by international data sharing using compute clouds. On average, cancer genomes contained 4-5 driver mutations when combining coding and non-coding genomic elements; however, in around 5% of cases no drivers were identified, suggesting that cancer driver discovery is not yet complete. Chromothripsis, in which many clustered structural variants arise in a single catastrophic event, is frequently an early event in tumour evolution; in acral melanoma, for example, these events precede most somatic point mutations and affect several cancer-associated genes simultaneously. Cancers with abnormal telomere maintenance often originate from tissues with low replicative activity and show several mechanisms of preventing telomere attrition to critical levels. Common and rare germline variants affect patterns of somatic mutation, including point mutations, structural variants and somatic retrotransposition. A collection of papers from the PCAWG Consortium describes non-coding mutations that drive cancer beyond those in the TERT promoter(4); identifies new signatures of mutational processes that cause base substitutions, small insertions and deletions and structural variation(5,6); analyses timings and patterns of tumour evolution(7); describes the diverse transcriptional consequences of somatic mutation on splicing, expression levels, fusion genes and promoter activity(8,9); and evaluates a range of more-specialized features of cancer genomes(8,10-18).Peer reviewe

Validation of the OECD reproduction test guideline with the New Zealand mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum using trenbolone and prochloraz

The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) provides several standard test methods for the environmental hazard assessment of chemicals, mainly based on primary producers, arthropods, and fish. In April 2016, two new test guidelines with two mollusc species representing different reproductive strategies were approved by OECD member countries. One test guideline describes a 28-day reproduction test with the parthenogenetic New Zealand mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum. The main endpoint of the test is reproduction, reflected by the embryo number in the brood pouch per female. The development of a new OECD test guideline involves several phases including inter-laboratory validation studies to demonstrate the robustness of the proposed test design and the reproducibility of the test results. Therefore, a ring test of the reproduction test with P. antipodarum was conducted including eight laboratories with the test substances trenbolone and prochloraz and results are presented here. Most laboratories could meet test validity criteria, thus demonstrating the robustness of the proposed test protocol. Trenbolone did not have an effect on the reproduction of the snails at the tested concentration range (nominal: 10-1000 ng/L). For prochloraz, laboratories produced similar EC10 and NOEC values, showing the inter-laboratory reproducibility of results. The average EC10 and NOEC values for reproduction (with coefficient of variation) were 26.2 µg/L (61.7%) and 29.7 µg/L (32.9%), respectively. This ring test shows that the mudsnail reproduction test is a well-suited tool for use in the chronic aquatic hazard and risk assessment of chemicals

Desenvolvimento de habilidades: estratégia de promoção da saúde e prevenção da gravidez na adolescência Desarrollo de habilidades: estrategia de promoción de la salud y la prevención del embarazo en la adolescencia Skills development: strategy for health promotion and prevention of pregnancy in adolescence

Trabalhar com desenvolvimento de habilidades em saúde sexual e reprodutiva do adolescente, na perspectiva da promoção da saúde para a prevenção da gravidez precoce, constitui um desafio para o enfermeiro. Para atender ao grupo em transformação biológica e psicossocial, há que considerar suas particularidades e exige crescimento para os protagonistas enfermeiros e adolescentes. O estudo teve como objetivo analisar as práticas do enfermeiro na prevenção da gravidez precoce na perspectiva do desenvolvimento de habilidades. Pesquisa descritivo-exploratória, com abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvida em Fortaleza, Ceará, tendo como técnica o grupo focal, cuja análise foi realizada por meio das práticas discursivas e mapas de associação de ideias. Os resultados revelaram que a promoção da saúde do adolescente é trabalhada na consulta de enfermagem e grupo de adolescentes, sendo este o espaço criativo, interativo e oportuno para o desenvolvimento de habilidades quanto à sexualidade e à prevenção da gravidez precoce.<br>Trabajar con desarrollo de habilidades en la salud sexual y reproductiva de los adolescentes desde la perspectiva de promoción de la salud en la prevención del embarazo se constituye un reto. Para asistir el grupo en transformación biológica y psicosocial, hay que tener en cuenta sus peculiaridades y se requiere madurez de los protagonistas enfermera y adolescentes. El objetivo fue examinar las prácticas de los enfermeros en la prevención del embarazo desde la perspectiva del desarrollo de competencias. Estudio descriptivo-exploratorio, cualitativo realizado en Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, con la técnica del grupo focal y análisis en las prácticas discursivas con el mapa de asociación de ideas. Los resultados revelaron que la promoción de la salud ocurre en la consulta de enfermería y en el grupo de adolescentes, cuyo espacio creativo e interactivo es adecuado para el desarrollo de habilidades relacionadas a la sexualidad y a la prevención del embarazo.<br>Work with the development of skills in sexual and reproductive health of adolescents from the perspective of health promotion for the prevention of the precocious pregnancy is a challenge to the nurse. To attend the group on psychosocial and biological transformation, we must consider their particular demands and growth for the protagonists: nurse and adolescent. The study had as objective to analyze the practice of the nurse in the prevention of the precocious pregnancy in view of skills development. Descriptive and exploratory research, with a qualitative approach, developed in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, using the technique of the focal group, whose analysis was performed by means of discursive practices and maps of association of ideas. The results revealed that the promotion of adolescent health is worked out in the nursing consultation and adolescents groups, being this, a creative and interactive space and appropriate for the development of skills regarding sexuality and the prevention of precocious pregnancy