L'image du Qatar en France à travers la presse française : du 27 juin 1995 au 25 juin 2013 : un pari risqué ou réussi ?

Cette recherche est consacrée à l’étude de l’image du Qatar en France pendant une période vaste mais néanmoins ciblée, celle du règne de Hamed Ben Khalifa (du 27 juin 1995 jusqu’au 25 juin 2013) à travers la presse française représentée par Le Monde, Le Figaro et Libération. Pour ce faire, nous avons choisi un corpus riche et varié qui regroupe 11 évènements clés couvrant l’ensemble de cette période, pour laquelle nous allons analyser l’évolution de la couverture par ces trois quotidiens et y découvrir l’image de ce petit émirat. De fait, cette analyse simple sera divisée en deux niveaux. Une analyse quantitative, dans un premier temps, pour mesurer le volume de couverture médiatique et l’image. Puis une analyse qualitative pour explorer le contenu de cette couverture et l’image qui en découle. En partant de ce travail, nous proposerons notre propre définition de l’image, basée sur une formule de l’image réunissant cinq éléments destinés à former ensemble cette image, à savoir : la Réputation, l’Identité, la Notoriété, l’Image de marque et le Stéréotype. Ainsi, et à partir de nos analyses mentionnées ci-dessus, nous présenterons à la fin de cette recherche notre projet de théorie d’image, appelée la « théorie des deux points». Une approche théorique simple et moderne qui vise à rassembler deux pôles, académique et professionnel, et ainsi ouvrir un nouvel horizon pour la recherche, dans le domaine de l’image.This research concerns the study of Qatar’s image in France during a wide but delineated period, spanning the reign of Hamad Ben Khalifa (27 june 1995 through 25 june 2013) ascovered by the French press represented by Le Monde, Le Figaro and Libération. To thisend we have chosen a dense and varied body related to 11 key events spanning the entireperiod, in which we will analyze the coverage by these three dailies and bring to light theimage of this small emirate. In actual fact, this simple analysis will be organized in twolevels. Firstly, a quantitative analysis will serve to measure the volume of media coverageand the image. Secondly, a qualitative analysis will explore the content of this coverageand the image which results from it.On the basis of this work, we will propose our own definition of image, based on a formulaof image consisting of five elements that together compose this image, namely: Reputation,Identity, Notoriety, Branding, Stereotype. In this way, on the basis of our above-mentionedanalyses, we will present at the end of this research our project of theory of image, called"The Theory of the Two Points.” A simple and modern theory that aims to combine twodomains, the academic and the professional, in order to open a new horizon for research inthe field of image

T-Helper Subsets Cytokine Production in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Diverting Influences and Impact on Graft Outcome

A large body of evidence suggests the existence of functionally polarized human T-helper responses based on their profile of cytokine secretion. Human T-helper cell clones can be divided into two mutually exclusive subsets, T-helper cell 1 (Th1) and T-helper cell 2 (Th2). Substantial work in several animal models has demonstrated that allograft rejection is associated with enhanced Th1 activity and tolerance with enhanced Th2. Some studies have not been consistent with this association. In this study, gamma interferon (INF-y) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) levels (as indicators of Th1 and Th2 activity, respectively) were assayed in supernatant of cultured peripheral lymphocytes. The levels of these cytokines were compared between a study group of 26 stable kidney transplant recipients immunosuppressed with cyclosporine A, corticosteroids and azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil, and a control group of 10 healthy blood donors. The mean INF-γ and IL-4 levels in the control group were considered as the cutoff levels for comparison. Our results showed that 25/26 of the study patients (96%) had low levels of INF-γ compared to 4/10 of the control subjects (40%), (P< 0.05). However, the IL-4 level was high in 10/26 of the study patients (38%) and 3/10 of the control subjects (30%), not a statistically significant difference, (P>0.05). In conclusion: These results suggest that well-established graft tolerance may be mediated via depressed Th1 activity rather than enhanced Th2 activity