20,892 research outputs found

    The legal framework for corporate governance: explaining the development of contract law in Germany and the United States

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    How are new forms of industrial organization accommodated into a countryslegal frameworks, and what effect does this have on the ability of firms toinnovate. Variations in the broad institutional organization of the German andUS political economies result in different processes of contract lawmodernization in the two countries, with important implications for innovation trajectories. The German institutional infrastructure encourages firms todevelop cooperative diversified quality production (DQP) inter-firm strategies.This is promoted through highly regulative contract laws and the existence ofstrong trade associations that firms engage to create standardized industryframeworks. These contracting arrangements allow the diffusion ofstandardized governance structures showing firms how to create rules neededto manage complex new forms of organization. While strongly supporting DQPstrategies and discouraging opportunistic product market strategies, Germanpatterns of contract law regulation place important constraints against moreinnovative product market strategies. In the United States legal resources aredecentralized across firms, trade associations have few law-makingcompetencies, and courts do not regulate the distribution of risks across firms.Contractual frameworks are developed on a firm-by-firm basis and slowlyaccommodated within the legal system through the generation of courtprecedent. This system encourages radical innovation in the law, an importantprerequisite for innovative product market strategies more generally. However,the paper shows that a necessary trade-off of legal innovation in the US is thatcourts cannot implement German-style contract law regulation to constrainopportunism, while the decentralization of legal resource inhibits the creation ofstandardized contractual frameworks needed for DQP strategies. Through anextensive game theory analysis of bargaining between courts and large firms,the paper explains why these equilibria are maintained, despite strong incentives in the German case for some large firms to deviate. -- Wie sind neue Formen industrieller Organisation an die rechtliche Verfaßtheiteines Landes angepaßt und welche Folgen hat dies fĂŒr die InnovationsfĂ€higkeitvon Unternehmen . Generelle Unterschiede in der institutionellen Organisationder jeweiligen politischen Ökonomie in Deutschland und in den USA fĂŒhren zu unterschiedlichen Formen der Modernisierung des Vertragsrechts in beidenLĂ€ndern. Dies hat wichtige Auswirkungen auf den Typus der Innovations-Entwicklung.Die spezifische AusprĂ€gung des InstitutionengefĂŒges in DeutschlandbegĂŒnstigt vor allem eine kooperativ angelegte diversifizierteQualitĂ€tsproduktion (DQP), an der mehrere Unternehmen beteiligt sind. Dieswird gestĂŒtzt durch ein hochreguliertes Vertragsrecht und starkeGewerkschaften; die VerbĂ€nde nutzen dies, um fĂŒr alle Unternehmen geltendeRegelungen zu entwickeln. Diese Art, vertragliche Vereinbarungen zuentwickeln und zu gestalten, fĂŒhrt zu einer allmĂ€hlichen Verbreitung allgemeingĂŒltiger Governance-Strukturen, durch die die Unternehmen erfahren, wie sie Regelungen entwickeln können, um neue, komplexe Formen der Zusammenarbeit zu managen. Das in Deutschland verbreitete Vertragsrecht erweist sich als vorteilhaft fĂŒr DQP-Strategien und als hinderlich fĂŒr kurzfristigorientierte Produktmarktstrategien; es fĂŒhrt aber auch zu schwerwiegenden EinschrĂ€nkungen bei der Entwicklung innovationsorientierter Produktmarktstrategien.In den USA ist die juristische Kompetenz, gerade auch, was die KlĂ€rung juristischer Grundsatzfragen angeht, auf viele Unternehmen verteilt.Gewerkschaften haben nur geringe Möglichkeiten, die Gesetzgebung zubeeinflussen und die Gerichte regulieren nicht, wie die Risiken aus derZusammenarbeit von Unternehmen aufgeteilt werden. Die rechtlichen Rahmungen vertraglicher Vereinbarungen werden fallweise in Unternehmenentwickelt; gerichtliche Musterentscheidungen passen sie dann Schritt fĂŒrSchritt an die bestehenden gesetzlichen Regeln an. Dies begĂŒnstigt radikalereInnovationen in der Gesetzgebung; sie wiederum sind generell eine wichtige Voraussetzung fĂŒr innovative Produktmarktstrategien. In dem Papier wird gezeigt, daß der schnellen Innovationskraft des amerikanischenGesetzgebungssystems als Nachteil gegenĂŒbersteht, daß die Gerichte keine Regulierungen einfĂŒhren können, die dem in Deutschland entwickelten Vertragsrecht vergleichbar und durch das sehr schnelle, quasi opportunistische Marktorientierungen einzuschrĂ€nken wĂ€ren. Die Dezentralisierung juristischerKompetenz in den USA verhindert die Schaffung eines allgemein gĂŒltigenrechtlichen Rahmens, der wiederum Voraussetzung fĂŒr eine diversifizierte QualitĂ€tsproduktion ist.Durch eine ausfĂŒhrliche spieltheoretische Analyse von Aushandlungsprozessen zwischen Großunternehmen und Gerichten wirderklĂ€rt, warum sich die jeweils spezifischen Gleichgewichtssituationen erhalten, auch wenn es in Deutschland fĂŒr einige Großunternehmen starke Anreize gibt, davon abzuweichen.

    Remanufacturing and product design: designing for the 7th generation

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    The following is taken directly from the research report. This report investigates Design for Remanufacture in terms of both detailed product design and the business context in which Design for Remanufacture may operate. Key Study Objectives ‱ To understand the link between design and remanufacture ‱ To understand how Design for Remanufacture can lead to increased innovation and Sustainable Development (SD) ‱ To identify proactive strategies to further Design for Remanufactur

    Uniformisation techniques for stochastic simulation of chemical reaction networks

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    This work considers the method of uniformisation for continuous-time Markov chains in the context of chemical reaction networks. Previous work in the literature has shown that uniformisation can be beneficial in the context of time-inhomogeneous models, such as chemical reaction networks incorporating extrinsic noise. This paper lays focus on the understanding of uniformisation from the viewpoint of sample paths of chemical reaction networks. In particular, an efficient pathwise stochastic simulation algorithm for time-homogeneous models is presented which is complexity-wise equal to Gillespie's direct method. This new approach therefore enlarges the class of problems for which the uniformisation approach forms a computationally attractive choice. Furthermore, as a new application of the uniformisation method, we provide a novel variance reduction method for (raw) moment estimators of chemical reaction networks based upon the combination of stratification and uniformisation

    The development of decentralized supplier networks in East Germany: a challenge to the German model of industrial organization

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    The paper examines the relationship between supplier network organization and regional economic development. A distinctive feature of the German economy is theexistence of a large and productive base of small and medium companies,commonly called the Mittelstand. Chambers of Commerce, trade associations, local research institutes and other para-public institutions provide a public infrastructure helping groups of Mittelstand companies develop research and development, quality control, training and other important competencies that they are too small to invest in individually. The paper argues that sophisticated firms must also engage these institutions if they are to function. Case studies of the newest East German car production networks show that final assemblers are creating supplier chains with minimal technical collaboration with local suppliers and the delegation rather thansharing of contracting risks. As a result, few sophisticated companies are engaginglocal para-public institutions, with negative consequences for the development of local Mittelstand companies in the two regions. -- In dem Papier werden die Beziehungen zwischen den organisatorischen Strukturen der Zulieferer-Netzwerke und der regionalen Wirtschaftsentwicklung untersucht. Ein typisches Element der deutschen Volkswirtschaft ist die Existenz einerweitgefĂ€cherten und produktiven Basis kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen,gemeinhin als Mittelstandbezeichnet. Industrie- und Handelskammern,WirtschaftsverbĂ€nde, lokale Forschungsinstitute und andere para-staatliche Institutionen bilden eine öffentliche Infrastruktur, die den mittelstĂ€ndischen Unternehmen hilft, Forschung und Entwicklung, QualitĂ€tskontrollen sowie AusbildungskapazitĂ€ten aufzubauen und andere wichtige Kompetenzen zuentwickeln, in die zu investieren sie alleine zu klein wĂ€ren.In dem Diskussionspapier wird die Meinung vertreten, daß aufgeweckte Unternehmen sich aber auch dieser Institutionen bedienen mĂŒssen, sollen sie funktionieren. Fallstudien der erst kĂŒrzlich aufgebauten Produktionsnetzwerke vonAutoherstellern in Ostdeutschland zeigen, daß die Endhersteller Zuliefererketten aufbauen, die nur in geringem Umfang mit den lokalen Zuliefereren technisch kooperieren. Außerdem versuchen die Endhersteller, Vertragsrisiken abzuwĂ€lzen statt sie gemeinsam mit den Zulieferern zu ĂŒbernehmen. Als Ergebnis kann festgestellt werden, daß nur einige clevere Unternehmen diese lokalen und regionalen para-staatlichen Institutionen nutzen. Dies hat negative Konsequenzen fĂŒr die Entwicklung der lokalen und regionalen mittelstĂ€ndischen Unternehmen inden beiden untersuchten Regionen Sachsen und ThĂŒringen.

    Biogeochemistry of deep lakes in the central Alaskan Range: Completion report

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    Casper, one of the investigators, was a guest of the National Park Service as a weekend camper at the Wonder Lake Campground within Mount McKinley National Park. On the next visit to this campground for the same purpose, Mr. Casper took along several pieces of equipment for making simple limnological measurements. On this trip, he was accompanied by Frederick Payne, a graduate student from Michigan State University, who was in Alaska working with aquatic plant community structure. Following this visit to the lake, a research project proposal was drawn up for the purpose of obtaining funds in order to study several limnological aspects of this lake and others related to it. The relative high importance of vascular aquatic plant production in the Arctic had been noticed by John Hobbie (1973). In an intensive study of a deep subarctic lake, Harding Lake, being conducted by the Institute of Water Resources, University of Alaska, the relative high importance of rooted aquatic plants had also been noted. Thus, a question arose as to whether or not the primary production of vascular aquatic plants is higher than that of phytoplankton in subarctic lakes as is the case in arctic lakes which usually have higher biomass concentrations of algae than subarctic lakes (Hobbie, 1973). The stated objectives of this project were: 1) To conduct a biogeochemical reconnaissance of selected deep subarctic lakes in the central Alaska Range. 2) To develop hypotheses concerning the regional limnology. 3) To collect biological specimens to extend knowledge of taxonomic distributions, especially of aquatic plants and phytoplankton. 4) To estimate the seasonal nutrient budget for these lakes.The work upon which this completion report is based was supported by funds provided by the U.S. Department of Interior, Office of Water Research and Technology (Grant No. A-051-ALAS), as authorized under the Water Resources Research Act of 1964, Public Law 88-379, as amended

    Preparing for Employment: On the Home Front

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    Work-based learning during the school years leads to better postschool employment outcomes (Hughes, Moore, & Bailey, 1999). Volunteer experiences and unpaid internships, in addition to paid employment, can be steppingstones to future employment. Youth and their families need not rely solely on school programs to pursue such opportunities. They can do much on their own to launch the youth's career search. Recent studies demonstrate the effectiveness of using personal networks as a job search strategy (Timmons, Hamner, & Boes, 2003), and highlight the fact that families make key contributions to successful employment outcomes for individuals with disabilities (26th Institute on Rehabilitation Issues, 2000).There are creative ways to combine community relationships, a young person's interests, and family or personal networks to help a young person effectively explore work-based learning outside of school settings. Parents may seek opportunities through co-workers, relatives, and neighbors. Moreover, parents often know their children better than professionals do and can help their sons and daughters explore their unique abilities, strengths, and interests -- all of which may lead to an appropriate career path
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