The Long-Term Direct and External Effects of Jewish Expulsions in Nazi Germany

This paper provides causal evidence on long-term consequences of Jewish expulsions in Nazi Germany on the educational attainment and political outcomes of German children. We combine a unique city-level dataset on the fraction of Jewish population residing in Germany before the Nazi Regime with individual survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). Our identification strategy exploits the plausibly exogenous city-by-cohort variation in the Jewish population in Germany as a unique quasi-experiment. We find that the persecution of Jewish professionals had significant, long-lasting detrimental effects on the human capital and political development of Germans who were at school-age during the Nazi Regime. First, these children have 0.4 fewer years of schooling on average in adulthood. Second, these children are less likely to go to college or have a graduate degree. Third, they are less likely to have interest in politics as adults. These results survive using alternative samples and specifications, including controlling for Second World War, Nazi and Communist Party support and unemployment effects.human capital formation, dismissal, Jewish professionals, political development

Monte Carlo simulations of dynamic phase transitions in ultrathin Blume-Capel films

Dynamic phase transition phenomena in ultrathin films described by Blume-Capel model have been investigated using Monte Carlo simulations. Hysteresis loops, micromagnetic structures, and hysteresis loop area curves, as well as dynamic correlation between the magnetization and the external field have been studied as functions of the field, as well as the film parameters. The variation of critical coupling of the modified film surface at which the transition temperature becomes independent of film thickness have been clarified for varying system parameters. Frequency dispersion of hysteresis loop area have been found to obey a power law for low and moderate frequencies for both ordinary and enhanced surfaces.Comment: 17 pages, 10 figure

Critical behavior and universality properties of uniaxial ferromagnetic thin films in the presence of random magnetic fields

Critical phenomena in uniaxial ferromagnetic thin films in the presence of random magnetic fields have been studied within the framework of effective field theory. When the type of the random field distribution is bimodal, the system exhibits tricritical behavior. Furthermore, the critical value of surface to bulk ratio of exchange interactions at which the transition temperature becomes independent of film thickness is insensitive to the presence of disorder whether the distribution is bimodal or trimodal. Regarding the universality properties, neither $p$, nor $h$ variations in the system can affect the value of the shift exponent $\lambda$. In this regard, it can be concluded that pure ferromagnetic thin films are in the same universality class with those under the influence of random discrete magnetic fields.Comment: 19 pages, 13 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1304.725

Neutrino Physics from New Measurements

Emergence of neutrino physics is fueled by the recent growth in quality and quantity of experimental data, yet, there are still open questions. How much can the determination of mixing parameters be improved? Can we improve bounds on theta_13 before experiments designed specifically for this parameter start? How well can we determine or limit sterile fraction of neutrino flux from sun and sterile mixing angle? We examine the impact of outcome from new measurements in the context of providing answers to these questionsComment: 3 pages, 2 figures; proceeding for the presentation at the DPF2004 meeting in Riverside, C

Rubble Women: The Long-Term Effects of Postwar Reconstruction on Female Labor Market Outcomes

During World War II, more than one-half million tons of bombs were dropped in aerial raids on German cities, destroying about forty percent of the total housing stock nationwide. With a large fraction of the male population gone, the reconstruction process had mainly fallen on women in postwar Germany. This paper provides causal evidence on long-term legacies of postwar reconstruction and mandatory employment on women's labor market outcomes. We combine a unique dataset on city-level destruction in Germany caused by the Allied Air Forces bombing during WWII with individual survey data from the German Microcensus. Using difference-in-difference and instrumental-variable strategies, we find that postwar mandatory employment reduced female labor force participation and hours worked in the long-run. However, our results show that participating in postwar reconstruction efforts increased the female presence in medium-skill and female-dominated occupations. These results survive after accounting for labor supply side factors such as wealth and savings loss during WWII, war relief payments and change in the composition of population and labor demand side factors such as female share in industry, construction, service and public sectors.postwar reconstruction, female labor force participation, occupational choice

Intergenerational Mobility of Immigrants in Germany: Moving with Natives or Stuck in their Neighborhoods?

In this paper, I analyze intergenerational mobility of immigrants and natives in Germany. Using the German Socioeconomic Panel (GSOEP), I find intergenerational elasticities that range from 0.19 to 0.26 for natives and from 0.37 to 0.40 for immigrants. These elasticity estimates are lower than typically found for the U.S. and imply higher mobility in Germany than in the U.S. However, as in the U.S., I find greater mobility among German natives than among immigrants. Moreover, I investigate to what extent the lower mobility among immigrants in Germany is due to “ethnic capital” as suggested by Borjas (1992). I find that the impact of father’s earnings on son’s earnings remains virtually unchanged when including a measure of ethnic capital, suggesting that the higher father-son correlation found among immigrants is not due to omitting ethnic capital. However, I do find a large independent effect of ethnic capital on sons’ earnings (the coefficient is 0.81 as opposed to 0.25 found by Borjas (1992)). These results are consistent with estimates from Microcensus data, where the combined effect of parents’ and ethnic capital is close to unity. Thus, contrary to the U.S. results which suggest convergence of immigrants’ earnings towards natives’ earnings, the German results suggest divergence of immigrant earnings.immigration, intergenerational mobility, natives, ethnic capital

Banking in Turkey: History and Evolution

The early stages of banking and finance in Turkey were one of its brightest periods, even though it was the toughest because of lack of capital and unfavourable initial conditions. The finance and banking conception was quite rational and potential crises were eliminated through careful choices. In the following years, boom and bust conditions dominated financial services provision with a crisis in every decade under different economic policy frameworks. Since 2001, European convergence has been leading the way and one may argue that Turkish banking and finance is ready for the challenges of the 21st century, supported by fast-increasing foreign participation that has increased capital adequacy ratios.Money; Banking and finance; Turkey.