Right orthogonal class of pure projective modules over pure hereditary rings

Let $\mathcal{W}$ be the class of all pure projective modules. In this article, $\mathcal{W}$-injective modules is defined via the vanishing of cohomology of pure projective modules. First we show that every module has a $\mathcal{W}$-injective coresolution over an arbitrary ring and the class of all $\mathcal{W}$-injective modules is coresolving over a pure-hereditary ring. Further, we analyze the dimension of $\mathcal{W}$-injective coresolution over a pure-hereditary ring. It is shown that \Fcor_{\mathcal{W}^{\bot}}(R) = \sup\{\pd(G) \colon G is a pure projective $R$-module\} = \sup\{\cores_{\mathcal{W}^{\bot}}(M) \colon M is an $R$-module$\}.$ Finally, we give some equivalent conditions of $\mathcal{W}$-injective envelope with the unique mapping property. The dimension has desirable properties when the ring is semisimple artinian.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figure

Strategy of Growth for Substantial Reduction of Poverty and Reversal of Trend towards Increasing Regional Divide

While Development as Freedom is considered to be one of the objectives of our national economic endeavors, and poverty reduction and fairly balanced regional development are high on the economic agenda, it is well known that our planning and economic policies have failed to produce inclusive growth to enable substantial parts of country to get the benefits of developments. The Approach Paper to 11th Five Year Plan declares its objective to be faster and more inclusive growth, but the Planning Commission or the Central Government do not put forward any significant change in the plan principles or strategies. In this paper we are suggesting a set of new innovative policies as additions to the policies already being implemented.poverty, Regional Divide, 11th Five Year Plan, innovative policies

Adoption of corporate social responsibility: empirical evidence from Malaysian SMEs

In the new global economy, corporate social responsibility has become a central issue of most of the government but a number of cases of business owners being socially irresponsible are dramatically increasing. Therefore, this study has thoroughly examined most contributing factor of corporate social responsibility adoption among SMEs. It is undeniable, that the contributions of SMEs toward the corporate social responsibility are increasing in the society along with the number of SMEs gradually increase in the market and play a significant role in the corporate social responsibility to improve the economic and social development of the nation. The purpose of this research is to examine further in-depth the relevant factors that influence the managers of SMEs in the adoption of corporate social responsibility practices. Quantitative data were collected using the self-administered questionnaire that was distributed to a sample of 384 respondents. In this study, Pearson Correlation Analysis and Multiple Linear Regressions were used to test the importance of all of the four independent variables which are profit maximization, philanthropy responsibility, external pressure, and moral responsibility. The results indicated that all of the tested motivational factors that influence adoption of corporate social responsibility have significant association with corporate social responsibility of SMEs. Therefore, it can be concluded that the result may provide some insight to business leaders with more practical perspectives about motivational factors of corporate social responsibility in Malaysia

Antecedents of the Internationalization and the Relationship between Internationalization and Performance of Malaysian Small and Medium Manufacturing Enterprises (SMEs)

Despite the importance of SMEs and the increased in knowledge in the area of internationalization, empirical research on Malaysian SMEs in the area of internationalization has been limited. In an attempt to investigate the antecedents of internationalization that influence the performance of SMEs, this study focuses on SMEs in the Malaysian manufacturing sector. The conceptual framework is developed based on previous literature gaps on SME internationalization and firm performance

Retrospective analytical five months study of aortic arch abnormalities

Background: Aortic arch abnormalities include congenital anomalies and acquired pathologies. Many of aortic arch congenital anomalies are asymptomatic lesions. But some of these anomalies are symptomatic and need to be treated. Radiological appearances should be familiar for these anomalies to the radiologist for correct interpretation. Aortic arch abnormalities reported in our institute are analysed in this article.Methods: This is a retrospective analytical study of five months from July 2015 to October 2015. The study was carried in the radiodiagnosis department of tirunelveli medical college hospital. In our institute, 494 cases of Computerised tomography (CT) Chest scans have been taken in above period for various conditions. In which Patients with vascular abnormalities of aortic arch in the scan were selected for the study i.e. sample selection. No of patients selected for analysis are 20. They have undergone CT scan, Magnetic resonance angiography (MRI) scan. Those findings were analysed and hereby are presented, in which age varied as low as 1 year and as high as 78 years.Results: Most of aortic arch abnormality cases belong to age group 60-80. About 75% of aortic abnormalities are acquired. The aortic arch abnormalities are commoner in males than females especially acquired diseases of aorta. Rare cases of Double aortic arch, aberrant right subclavian artery with dissection of aorta are diagnosed in these patients.Conclusions: It is noted that acquired conditions are the commonest abnormalities. CT scan and MRI complement each other. MR angiogram gives definitive diagnosis in aortic arch abnormalities. Double aortic arch is most common symptomatic vascular ring. MRI is the best single imaging study for the diagnosis and characterization of vascular rings. Aortic dissection needs urgent imaging. Multislice CT, MRI has replaced conventional angiogram.

The Psychodynamics of the Client-Consultant Relationship.

This paper reveals the lack of discovery of the unwritten or unspoken expectations of clients in a client-consultant relationship. Successful management of these expectations on the part of the consultant could lead to fruitful outcomes for both clients and consultants. In addition, consultants who are adept at managing these expectations could gain a competitive advantage in a highly competitive profession. This paper reviews both academic and practitioner literature in relation to factors that are seen as significantly affecting consulting assignment outcomes for both client and consultant. It also highlights the dearth of research on investigation of the interplay, connectedness, and relationship among the various factors identified in isolation in the existing literature. In addressing this gap, the author proposes a conceptual framework with a broad research agenda with research questions to establish the linkages among the significant success factors identified in the literature. This paper makes a valuable contribution toward future research in this respect by providing a clear conceptual framework and robust research agenda

Non-Governmental Organisation's (NGos) Contribution Towards Community Development Education: A Case Study

This study attempted to outline and describe how non-governmental organisastions (NGOs) can effectively contribute to the community development education of the urban poor and the plantation communities in the country. This is a qualitative study using the case study design. A local non-governmental organisation: Alaigal was chosen for this case study. The first part of the study explained the contribution of various NGOs all over the world, especially highlighting their activities and contribution towards community educational development. The objective of this study was to outline the growth of Alaigal; list out the programmes and how these programmes brought self-awareness and community education development to the respective communities. The data collection was done by interviewing the Alaigal committee members and the resident committee members such as Kg. Chekkadi. Observation and participation in some of their programmes and documents such as articles from magazine Alaigal's publications and seminar papers provided more information.Alaigal's programmes were community activities in Kg. Chekkadi, Klabang Estate and Kg. Jelapang Barn and networking activities with other NGOs such as Rural Development program, Election Campaign and Wage referendum campaign. Other programmes include social programmes for the urban poor and plantation communities and providing consultancy and advocacy services to those facing industrial problems such as SOCSO benefits, unfair dismissal and others. These activities were documented by observation and interviewing. The books, pamphlets and newsletters published by Alaigal, made the community to be aware of the problems faced by a section of the people in our society. These programmes brought self-awareness among the members of the society who are who are now aware and ready to seek for their basic rights in a democracy way. These programmes and publications provided non-formal education and self-awareness which helped to empower the members of the communities to achieve self reliance and community development.The services provided by NGOs supplement the governments effort in bringing about economic growth and community educational development to the marginalized communities. Thus, government should encourage and foster the growth of NGOs in the country for the development and prosperity of the nation

Do management consultants understand the psyche of their clients?

The paper reveals the lack of discovery of the unwritten or unspoken expectations of clients in the consultant-client relationship

Corporate cash holding: an empirical investigation of public listed companies for trading/service sector in Malaysia

This study investigates the empirical investigation between corporate cash holdings as the dependent variable and firm size, cash flow volatility, leverage and capital expenditure as independent variable by taking Malaysia trading/service sector of public listed companies as the sample over the period from 2014 to 2016. This study applied tradeoff and pecking order theory in order to show briefly on corporate cash holdings level. Descriptive analysis and hypothesis analysis are employed to analyze the relationship between those variables. The findings of this study reveal that firm size and leverage are negatively correlated to corporate cash holdings while cash flow volatility and capital expenditure highlights positive relationship to corporate cash holdings as for both tradeoff and pecking order theory. The excess cash holdings are a sign that the firm tends to retain the cash rather than pay it via dividends and there is a possibility that the cash is employed for non-pecuniary benefits which is not analogous to the shareholders' interest. The negative relationship shown by firm size might suggest that larger the firm size enables a firm to gather retain earnings where precisely debt is not important. For leverage, the negative relationship might indicate that corporations having ability to issue new debts holds less cash and used to fund new investments. The positive relationship is exhibited by cash flow volatility and capital expenditure. Companies fail to finance all profitable projects and faces larger cost of external financing where company can be short of liquid asset as suggested by both theories. Companies with high capital expenditure will face high amount of cash due to high cost in capital market reflects financial distress