Selection and Evolvability of ALT-2.

<p>Values for selection (ω) and evolvability (E) were calculated for each amino acid residue in the ALT-2 sequence. The single E value was plotted against the ω value for pairwise comparisons between all species. Residues that were both significantly evolvable and under diversifying selection appear in the blue-shaded boxes. The two conserved ALT-2 sequences (<i>O</i>. <i>volvulus</i>, [filled circles] and <i>B malayi</i> [filled diamonds], <b>l A</b>) and the two diversified ALT-2 sequences (<i>L</i>. <i>loa</i> [open squares] and <i>W</i>. <i>bancrofti</i> [open triangles], <b>B</b>) served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Selection and evolvability of ALT-2 from <i>L</i>. <i>loa</i> followed a second-order polynomial distribution when compared to either <i>B</i>. <i>malayi</i> (<b>C</b>) or <i>O</i>. <i>volvulus</i> (<b>E</b>). Only a small number of residues in <i>W</i>. <i>bancrofti</i> were both diversified and evolvable when compared to <i>B</i>. <i>malayi</i> (<b>D</b>), but none were detected when compared to <i>O</i>. <i>volvulus</i> (<b>F</b>).</p

Pairwise Evolvability (E) Analysis Design.

<p>Pairwise Evolvability (E) Analysis Design.</p

ALT-2 Evolvability in Filarial Parasites.

<p>Calculated evolvability (E) values (Y axis) are presented for each amino acid residue (X axis) for ALT-2 from the indicated pairs of species using the calculated ω values from each organism at each site. Cutoffs for significant deviations between conserved (normal distribution) and diversified sequences are shown as red lines (<i>P</i><0.05 or <i>P</i><0.001); values extended above the line represent residues that are significantly evolvable. Goodness-of-fit analyses between the two conserved ALT-2 sequences (<i>O</i>. <i>volvulus</i> and <i>B malayi</i>, <b>A</b>) and the two diversified ALT-2 sequences (<i>L</i>. <i>loa</i> and <i>W</i>. <i>bancrofti</i>, <b>B</b>) served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Multiple residues of <i>L</i>. <i>loa</i> were significantly evolvable when examined for deviation from <i>B</i>. <i>malayi</i> (<b>C</b>) or <i>O</i>. <i>volvulus</i> (<b>E</b>). Multiple residues of <i>W</i>. <i>bancrofti</i> were significantly evolvable when examined for deviation from <i>B</i>. <i>malayi</i> (<b>D</b>), but not <i>O</i>. <i>volvulus</i> (<b>F</b>).</p

Evolutionary Selection Analysis.

<p>Calculated ω values are presented for each amino acid residue (X axis, marked by position number) for ALT-2 from the indicated species using the M8 model. The cutoff ω value of 1 is depicted as a black line; values extended above the line represent residues under diversifying selection, and values below the line represent residues under purifying selection. Statistically significant diversifying selection was detected globally in ALT-2 of <i>L</i>. <i>loa</i> (<i>P</i><0.001) and <i>W</i>. <i>bancrofti</i> (<i>P</i><0.05). Residues encompassing the signal peptide are beneath the solid lines, and those encompassing the VAD are beneath the dashed lines.</p

Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems

We present the science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems, targeting an evolution in technology, that might lead to impacts and benefits reaching into most areas of society. This roadmap was developed within the framework of the European Graphene Flagship and outlines the main targets and research areas as best understood at the start of this ambitious project. We provide an overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials (GRMs), ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries. We also define an extensive list of acronyms in an effort to standardize the nomenclature in this emerging field