Turbocharger Structural Integrity

Since the introduction of Euro VI in January 2014, all new diesel powered commercial vehicles have been equipped with turbocharged engines. It is virtually impossible to meet these emission regulations without using a turbocharger. Similarly, in the passenger car sector both on diesel and petrol (gasoline) powered vehicles, legislative pressure to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide are seeing the introduction of turbochargers across almost all new power units. Future legislation will continue this trend with engine manufacturers becoming increasingly reliant on turbocharging. As well as increasing the requirement for turbochargers, these external factors are also demanding that turbochargers become more responsive with reduced rotor inertia and lower thermal inertias. This in turn makes the task of ensuring that turbocharger components remain fit for purpose for the life of the turbocharger that much more difficult. In this paper some of the recent developments in turbocharger technology will be identified and the demands that these place on the structural components will be explored. The limitations of current methods of structural integrity assessment for some of these components will be discussed. Future developments of these methods will then be proposed

Evidence that indirect inhibition of saccade initiation improves saccade accuracy

Saccadic eye-movements to a visual target are less accurate if there are distracters close to its location (local distracters). The addition of more distracters, remote from the target location (remote distracters), invokes an involuntary increase in the response latency of the saccade and attenuates the effect of local distracters on accuracy. This may be due to the target and distracters directly competing (direct route) or to the remote distracters acting to impair the ability to disengage from fixation (indirect route). To distinguish between these we examined the development of saccade competition by recording saccade latency and accuracy responses made to a target and local distracter compared with those made with an addition of a remote distracter. The direct route would predict that the remote distracter impacts on the developing competition between target and local distracter, while the indirect route would predict no change as the accuracy benefit here derives from accessing the same competitive process but at a later stage. We found that the presence of the remote distracter did not change the pattern of accuracy improvement. This suggests that the remote distracter was acting along an indirect route that inhibits disengagement from fixation, slows saccade initiation, and enables more accurate saccades to be made

Protozoa parasitic in fish

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Eastward and northward: a geographical conception of ‘Norðmannaland’ in Ohthere’s Voyage and its analogues in old Norse/Icelandic literature

The Old English account known as Ohthere’s Voyage preserves a ninth-century description of ‘Norðmannaland’ (the land of the Northmen) given by Ohthere, a sailor from northern Norway, at the court of Alfred the Great. In a little-discussed quirk of terminology, Ohthere’s description of the dimensions of Norðmannaland juxtaposes its north (OE norðeweard) with its east (OE easteweard), rather than its south. In this article, the phenomenon is compared with similar juxtapositions of east and north in Old Norse skaldic verses and sagas from the tenth to thirteenth centuries, demonstrating that this was not simply an error that crept in with the report’s transmission in an Old English context; instead, it is evidence of an Old Norse colloquialism which characterized northwestern Scandinavia in terms of its perceived northern and eastern extremities. This colloquialism is compared to similar geographical conceptions found in late- and post-medieval Norwegian texts, such as the division between nordafjells (north of the mountains) and sønnafjells (south of the mountains); however, it is concluded that the juxtaposition of east and north did not originate in the dividing line of Norway’s central mountain ranges, but in the shape of its southern coast.publishedVersio

Unearthing St Edmund: A Source for Edmund's Martyrdom in Íslendingabók

In Ari fróði Þorgilsson’s Íslendingabók, the settlement of Iceland is said to have first begun from Norway in 870, the year that “Ívarr, son of Ragnarr loðbrók, had St Edmund, king of the English, killed.” He attributes his knowledge of the date of this martyrdom to a mysterious “saga” of St Edmund, the identity of which has long been debated. This note considers the various alternatives put forth by previous researchers and concludes that the most likely candidate for this saga is in fact a composite of two texts, Abbo of Fleury’s Passio Sancti Eadmundi and Hermannus the Archdeacon’s De miraculis Sancti Eadmundi. These texts are known to have been bound together in at least one manuscript from the early twelfth century. It is argued that a similar manuscript may have circulated in Iceland and was used to inform several other Old Icelandic texts composed over the following two centuries.publishedVersio

A Family Reunion: "Hversu Noregr byggðist" and the First Chapter of the "Flateyjarbók Ættartölur" as a Textual Unity

Opprinnelseslegenden Frá Fornjóti ok hans ættmönnum ‘Om Fornjot og slektningene hans’ er bevart i to versjoner i Flateyjarbók, et kjent islandsk samlehåndskrift fra trettenhundretallet. Legenden følger opprinnelsen til forskjellige norske og orknøyske dynastier tilbake til to brødre som heter Nórr og Górr. Den antatt yngste versjonen, «Nórrversjonen», er representert av en tekst som heter Hversu Noregr byggðist ‘Hvordan Norge ble bygd’. Teksten står i et komplekst forhold til de fem kapitlene med Ættartölur ‘Slektsforskning’ som følger den i manuskriptet. Selv om innhold og tema ligner i alle disse tekstene, er de tydelig avgrenset av initialer som ble satt inn av skriveren Magnús Þórhallsson. Magnús har ofte blitt tillagt en viktig rolle i samlingen av disse kapitlene. Denne artikkelen utforsker forholdet mellom Hversu Noregr byggðist og det første av slektsforskningskapitlene. Det demonstreres hvordan fortelling og temaer er gjennomgående i begge tekstene og at begge tekstene bruker de samme kildene til å identifisere Nórrs etterkommere som fremstående personer. På dette grunnlaget blir det argumentert for å betrakte de to tekstene som en tekstlig enhet, delt i to da manuskriptet ble samlet. Den narrative strukturen til begge tekstene kan sammenlignes med legendens andre versjon, Fundinn Noregr ‘Norge grunnlagt’. Artikkelen viser at en tilsvarende sammenheng som mellom Hversu Noregr byggðist og det første slektsforskningskapittelet, ikke fins mellom disse to tekstene og de siste fire slektsforskningskapitlene. Derfor blir det foreslått at Magnús Þórhallsson neppe er forfatteren av Nórrversjonen slik vi kjenner den.publishedVersio

The Prehistory of Frá Fornjóti ok hans ættmönnum: Connections with the Chronicon Lethrense and their Consequences

The Old Norse origin myth known as Frá Fornjóti ok hans ættmönnum, which claims that Norway was founded by a pair of brothers named Nórr and Górr, is preserved in two distinct variants in the late fourteenth-century Icelandic manuscript known as Flateyjarbók. One variant, Fundinn Noregr, forms the preface to Orkneyinga saga and had therefore come into existence by c. 1230, whereas the other, Hversu Noregr byggðist, is not attested before c. 1290. Most scholars have argued that Hversu Noregr byggðist is a derivative of Fundinn Noregr, which was created to preface Orkneyinga saga by the Icelandic scholar Snorri Sturluson. This article draws attention to hitherto-undocumented parallels between both variants of Frá Fornjóti and a twelfth-century Latin text known as the Chronicon Lethrense or Lejre Chronicle. To explain these parallels, a new hypothesis for the pre-history of Frá Fornjóti is formulated: that both variants are independent witnesses to an earlier version of the myth which drew upon the Chronicon Lethrense or a shared model. This hypothesis is tested against arguments supporting the consensus that regards Fundinn Noregr as the original, taking the myth’s ideological underpinnings and analogues in Old Norse literature into account. It is suggested that the hypothesis best explains patterns of shared wording revealed by close comparative readings of passages in both variants, Orkneyinga saga, and other contemporary Old Norse texts. The article concludes with speculation about the context in which a previous version of the myth might have been composed.publishedVersio

Some further notes on the introduction of the salmon into Tasmanian waters

On the 4th of December last there was captured in a tidepool at Bridgewater, a fish which the Salmon Commissioners have decided to be a true salmon (Salmo salar) in the grilse stage, that is on its first return from sea, and acting on such decision the Government have paid to the captor, Mr. Joseph Cronley, the promised reward of 30 pounds

Account of the recent successful introduction of the salmon ova to Tasmania

At the request of Mr, William Ramsbottom, I have now the pleasure of giving to the Fellows of the Royal Society, a detailed account of the recent successful introduction of salmon ova to our waters, but before doing so, I wish to call attention to the fact that the Council and Fellows of this Society were the first to recognise the vast importance of this undertaking to the best interests of Tasmania, and to take practical measures to ensure its success

ABC\u27s of scapegoating: With a foreword

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