Key pedagogic thinkers: Michael Wesch

first came across Michael Wesch as the author of a video that I found utterly captivating. I've seen many videos in my time (and made quite a few) but this one was technically innovative and conveyed a challenging message. 'The Machine is Us/ing Us' is quite simple, but powerful, using only text – some handwritten – and music. First uploaded to YouTube on Jan 31, 2007, it highlights the extent to which whatever we create digitally is copiable and mutable and that the web makes possible all kinds of connectivity and opportunities we had never dreamed of before the advent of the Internet. To date, the original has been viewed 11.5m times

Descent into Peargatory

Poetry Contest, Honorable Mentio

Innovation Lab For Museums: Case Studies in Innovation and Adaptive Capacity

This case study on Latino New South follows the journey and partnerships of three cultural institutions -- the Levine Museum of the New South (Charlotte, NC), the Atlanta History Center (Atlanta, GA), and the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute (Birmingham, AL). These three organizations entered the Innovation Lab for Museums with the intention of making their programs and institutions more resonant with, and responsive to, the fast-growing Latino communities in their respective cities

The Conservation Status of the World’s Reptiles

Effective and targeted conservation action requires detailed information about species, their distribution, systematics and ecology as well as the distribution of threat processes which affect them. Knowledge of reptilian diversity remains surprisingly disparate, and innovative means of gaining rapid insight into the status of reptiles are needed in order to highlight urgent conservation cases and inform environmental policy with appropriate biodiversity information in a timely manner. We present the first ever global analysis of extinction risk in reptiles, based on a random representative sample of 1500 species (16% of all currently known species). To our knowledge, our results provide the first analysis of the global conservation status and distribution patterns of reptiles and the threats affecting them, highlighting conservation priorities and knowledge gaps which need to be addressed urgently to ensure the continued survival of the world’s reptiles. Nearly one in five reptilian species are threatened with extinction, with another one in five species classed as Data Deficient. The proportion of threatened reptile species is highest in freshwater environments, tropical regions and on oceanic islands, while data deficiency was highest in tropical areas, such as Central Africa and Southeast Asia, and among fossorial reptiles. Our results emphasise the need for research attention to be focussed on tropical areas which are experiencing the most dramatic rates of habitat loss, on fossorial reptiles for which there is a chronic lack of data, and on certain taxa such as snakes for which extinction risk may currently be underestimated due to lack of population information. Conservation actions specifically need to mitigate the effects of human-induced habitat loss and harvesting, which are the predominant threats to reptiles

Using RAD‐seq to recognize sex‐specific markers and sex chromosome systems

Next‐generation sequencing methods have initiated a revolution in molecular ecology and evolution (Tautz et al. 2010). Among the most impressive of these sequencing innovations is restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing or RAD‐seq (Baird et al. 2008; Andrews et al. 2016). RAD‐seq uses the Illumina sequencing platform to sequence fragments of DNA cut by a specific restriction enzyme and can generate tens of thousands of molecular genetic markers for analysis. One of the many uses of RAD‐seq data has been to identify sex‐specific genetic markers, markers found in one sex but not the other (Baxter et al. 2011; Gamble & Zarkower 2014). Sex‐specific markers are a powerful tool for biologists. At their most basic, they can be used to identify the sex of an individual via PCR. This is useful in cases where a species lacks obvious sexual dimorphism at some or all life history stages. For example, such tests have been important for studying sex differences in life history (Sheldon 1998; Mossman & Waser 1999), the management and breeding of endangered species (Taberlet et al. 1993; Griffiths & Tiwari 1995; Robertson et al. 2006) and sexing embryonic material (Hacker et al. 1995; Smith et al. 1999). Furthermore, sex‐specific markers allow recognition of the sex chromosome system in cases where standard cytogenetic methods fail (Charlesworth & Mank 2010; Gamble & Zarkower 2014). Thus, species with male‐specific markers have male heterogamety (XY) while species with female‐specific markers have female heterogamety (ZW). In this issue, Fowler & Buonaccorsi (2016) illustrate the ease by which RAD‐seq data can generate sex‐specific genetic markers in rockfish (Sebastes). Moreover, by examining RAD‐seq data from two closely related rockfish species, Sebastes chrysomelas and Sebastes carnatus (Fig. 1), Fowler & Buonaccorsi (2016) uncover shared sex‐specific markers and a conserved sex chromosome system

Sex determination

Multicellular animals are a diverse lot, with widely varied body plans and lifestyles. One feature they share, however, is a nearly universal reliance on sexual reproduction for species propagation. Humans have long been fascinated by human sex differences and formal theories on how human sex is determined date at least to Aristotle (in De Generatione Animalium, ca. 335 BCE). However, it is only in the past couple of decades that the genetic and molecular programs responsible for generating the two sexes have been understood in any detail. Sex, it turns out, can be established by many very different and fast-evolving mechanisms, but often these involve a conserved class of transcriptional regulators, the DM domain proteins

Emily in Plato\u27s Cave

Poetry Contest, First Plac