Business objects: the next step in component technology?

Component technology seems to be a promising approach towards more efficient software development by enabling application construction through “plug and play”. However, the middleware supporting this approach is still complicated to use and distracts the attention of the component developer from the application domain to technical implementation issues. Business objects are intended to hide the complexities of middleware approaches and provide an easy to use environment for application developers. We conceptualize business object approaches by presenting a common model and survey some major players in the marketplace. We conclude by identifying implications of business objects on information systems engineering.

Carrier transport in polycrystalline ITO and ZnO Al II The Influence of grain barriers and boundaries

ITO and ZnO Al films have been deposited by magnetron sputtering from ceramic and metallic targets at different substrate temperatures and with different plasma excitation modes DC and RF 13.56 and 27.12 MHz . Temperature dependent conductivity and Hall measurements down to 50 K were used to determine the carrier concentrations ND and the Hall mobilities . From the ND dependences, which were fitted by a carrier transport model taking into account ionized impurity and grain barrier scattering, the trap densities at the grain boundaries were estimated. ITO films show much lower trap densities down to Nt amp; 8776;1.5.1012 cm 2, compared to Nt values up to 3.1013 cm 2 for ZnO Al films. The temperature dependent mobilities were fitted by a phenomenological model with a T independent term and a metal like contribution or a thermally activated part due to grain barrier limited transport. Seebeck coefficient measurements as a function of the carrier concentration give hints to different transport mechanisms in ITO and ZnO

Enhanced electrical and optical properties of room temperature deposited Aluminium doped Zinc Oxide (AZO) thin films by excimer laser annealing

High quality transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) often require a high thermal budget fabrication process. In this study, Excimer Laser Annealing (ELA) at a wavelength of 248 nm has been explored as a processing mechanism to facilitate low thermal budget fabrication of high quality aluminium doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films. 180 nm thick AZO films were prepared by radio frequency magnetron sputtering at room temperature on fused silica substrates. The effects of the applied RF power and the sputtering pressure on the outcome of ELA at different laser energy densities and number of pulses have been investigated. AZO films deposited with no intentional heating at 180 W, and at 2 mTorr of 0.2% oxygen in argon were selected as the optimum as-deposited films in this work, with a resistivity of 1×10−3 Ω.cm, and an average visible transmission of 85%. ELA was found to result in noticeably reduced resistivity of 5×10−4 Ω.cm, and enhancing the average visible transmission to 90% when AZO is processed with 5 pulses at 125 mJ/cm2. Therefore, the combination of RF magnetron sputtering and ELA, both low thermal budget and scalable techniques, can provide a viable fabrication route of high quality AZO films for use as transparent electrodes

Carrier transport in polycrystalline transparent conductive oxides A comparative study of zinc oxide and indium oxide

Highly doped indium tin oxide films exhibit resistivities ? as low as 1.2.10 4 ?cm, while for ZnO films resistivities in the range of 2 to 4.10 4 ?cm are reported. This difference is unexpected, if ionized impurity scattering would be dominant for carrier concentrations above 1020 cm 3. By comparing the dependences of the effective Hall mobility on the carrier concentration of ZnO and ITO it is found that grain barriers limit the carrier mobility in ZnO for carrier concentrations as high as 2.1020 cm 3, independently, if the films were grown on amorphous or single crystalline substrates. Depending on the deposition method, grain barrier trap densities between 1012 to 3.1013 cm 2 were estimated for ZnO layers. Also, crystallographic defects seem to reduce the mobility for highly doped ZnO films. On the other hand, for ITO films such an influence of the grain barriers was not observed down to carrier concentrations of about 1018 cm 3. Thus the grain barrier trap densities of ZnO and ITO are significantly different, which seems to be connected with the defect chemistry of the two oxides and especially with the piezoelectricity of zinc oxid

Ship Squat in Hydrography - a Study of the Surveying Vessel Deneb

In hydrographic observations where the water level is used as a reference plane the knowledge of the surveying vessel's draft is essential. The draft changes dynamically due to the squat effect. A new method called SHIPS was developed for squat estimation of commercial ships and was tested in several experiments on German waterways. In this paper we present an experiment where SHIPS is used to estimate the squat of the German Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency's (BSH) surveying vessel Deneb. The analysis of data results in a description of the squat with an accuracy of 2cm.En las observaciones hidrogrâficas en las que se utiliza el nivel del agua como piano de referenda, el conocimiento del calado de un buque hidrogrâfico es esencial. Los cambios de calado varfan dinâmicamente debido al efecto de asentamiento. Se ha desarroilado un nuevo método denominado SHIPS, para la estimaciôn de asentamiento de los buques comerciales y ha sido probado en varios experimentos en las vias navegables alemanas. En este artlculo presentamos un experimento donde se usa SHIPS para estimar el asentamiento del buque hidrogrâfico Deneb de la Agenda Federal Maritima e Hidrogrâfica Alemana (BSH). El anâlisis de los datos da como resultado una descripciôn del asentamiento con una precisiôn de 2cm.Dans les observations hydrographiques où le niveau de l’eau sert de pian de référence, la connaissance du tirant d’eau du bâtiment hydrographique est essentielle. Le tirant d'eau change, du point de vue dynamique, en raison de l'effet d’accroupissement. Une nouvelle méthode appelée SHIPS élaborée pour l'estimation de l'accroupissement des navires commerciaux a été testée lors de plusieurs expériences dans les eaux allemandes. Dans cet article nous présentons une expérience dans laquelle le système SHIPS est utilisé pour estimer l’accroupissement du bâtiment hydrographique Deneb de l’Agence maritime et hydrographique fédérale allemande. L’analyse des données aboutit à la description de l'accroupissement avec une précision de 2cm