A Social Identity Approach to Sport Psychology: Principles, Practice, and Prospects.

Drawing on social identity theory and self-categorization theory, we outline an approach to sport psychology that understands groups not simply as features of sporting contexts but rather as elements that can be, and often are, incorporated into a person's sense of self and, through this, become powerful determinants of their sport-related behavior. The underpinnings of this social identity approach are outlined, and four key lessons for sport that are indicative of the analytical and practical power of the approach are presented. These suggest that social identity is the basis for sports group (1) behavior, (2) formation and development, (3) support and stress appraisal, and (4) leadership. Building on recent developments within sport science, we outline an agenda for future research by identifying a range of topics to which the social identity approach could fruitfully contribute

Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes

Cancer is driven by genetic change, and the advent of massively parallel sequencing has enabled systematic documentation of this variation at the whole-genome scale(1-3). Here we report the integrative analysis of 2,658 whole-cancer genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We describe the generation of the PCAWG resource, facilitated by international data sharing using compute clouds. On average, cancer genomes contained 4-5 driver mutations when combining coding and non-coding genomic elements; however, in around 5% of cases no drivers were identified, suggesting that cancer driver discovery is not yet complete. Chromothripsis, in which many clustered structural variants arise in a single catastrophic event, is frequently an early event in tumour evolution; in acral melanoma, for example, these events precede most somatic point mutations and affect several cancer-associated genes simultaneously. Cancers with abnormal telomere maintenance often originate from tissues with low replicative activity and show several mechanisms of preventing telomere attrition to critical levels. Common and rare germline variants affect patterns of somatic mutation, including point mutations, structural variants and somatic retrotransposition. A collection of papers from the PCAWG Consortium describes non-coding mutations that drive cancer beyond those in the TERT promoter(4); identifies new signatures of mutational processes that cause base substitutions, small insertions and deletions and structural variation(5,6); analyses timings and patterns of tumour evolution(7); describes the diverse transcriptional consequences of somatic mutation on splicing, expression levels, fusion genes and promoter activity(8,9); and evaluates a range of more-specialized features of cancer genomes(8,10-18).Peer reviewe

O ESTILO DE VIDA DE PACIENTES HIPERTENSOS DE UM PROGRAMA DE EXERCÍCIO AERÓBIO: ESTUDO NA CIDADE DE TOLUCA, MÉXICO

A hipertensão arterial, assintomática e desconhecida pela maioria dos seus por tadores, é importante fator de risco para complicações cardiovasculares e renais. Este é um estudo quantitativo e descritivo. Objetivou identificar os estilos de vida associados ao incremento do descontrole da pressão ar terial em pacientes hipertensos que acodem a um programa de exercício. A coleta dos dados ocorreu num centro de saúde do município do Toluca, México, durante agosto 2006 a março 2007. Foi utilizado um questionário aplicado a 200 pacientes hipertensos, através do referencial do "Modelo de Campo de Saúde da Lalonde". O estudo mostrou que o nível de pressão do grupo estudado possui relação estatisticamente significativa com o tabagismo, consumo de álcool e tratamento. A falta do controle da pressão arterial pode propiciar a evolução de doenças cardiovasculares e coronárias