Des procédés téléphonés : les faux-semblants de l’art conceptuel

Cet essai traite d’une contre-tradition de l’histoire de l’art conceptuel, à travers laquelle des artistes jouent avec les conventions de réalisation de leurs œuvres basées sur des procédés prédéterminés. En revenant sur des œuvres fondamentales des avant-gardes historiques, l’auteur montre comment, à un certain point, des artistes ont soit choisi d’ignorer les paramètres qu’ils s’étaient imposés, soit décidé de produire une œuvre différente de celle prévue par le concept de base. Dans les années 1960-1970, les artistes ont commencé à remettre en question la relation entre leurs concepts et l’exécution, usant de la distance entre les deux comme d’un matériau artistique en tant que tel.This essay discusses a counter-tradition within the history of conceptual art whereby artists play with the conventions around executing their work based on predetermined procedures. Looking back to canonical artworks within the Historical Avant-Gardes, the author shows how at certain points, artists have either not followed through on the parameters they have set for themselves or decided to do something else altogether after proffering a concept for their work. Over the course of the 1960s and 1970s, one notices that artists began to calibrate the relationships between their concepts and execution, using the distance between them as an artistic material in itself

Understanding cognitive and affective mechanisms in social psychology through eye-tracking

Social psychological research is increasingly interested in the cognitive and affective processes underlying human behavior in social environments. To match this emerging interest, social psychology is embracing new methodological approaches. We identify eye-tracking as an unobtrusive, direct and fine-grained process tracing technique with promising implications for these new developments. In particular, eye-tracking helps researchers avoid relying on self-report measures alone and otherwise necessary interruptions of the processes they aim to observe and understand. In order to enable social psychologists to effectively use eye-tracking, we provide a systematic review of commonly used measures. Following an introduction of the basic principles and assump- tions underlying the use of eye-tracking generally, we review eye-tracking measures addressing concepts of interest for many core theories of social psychology. Specifically, we introduce options to measure processing depth and decision effort, information weighting, search strategies, cognitive load and arousal. We showcase potential uses in exemplary research questions, providing a starting point for how to select appropriate measures and tailor designs to future applications of eye-tracking to social psychology. Further, we critically discuss the limitations and auxiliary assumptions on which the introduced measures are based. Finally, we illustrate the use of eye-tracking with examples from contemporary psychological research with relevance for social psychology, and conclude with an outlook for potential benefits of the use of eye-tracking methods in core topics of social psychology