Revised Distribution for Otomops martiensseni (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in Southern Africa

We provide new data on the distributional range and abundance of the giant mastiff bat,Otomops martiensseni for which information on distribution and ecology are sorely needed. Because this species can forage at high altitudes, it is difficult to capture and most observations have been from caves and buildings. With the advent of new sonar gathering devices and analysis software, recording of echolocation calls can give unprecedented information on evasive bat species. Previous records from South Africa were restricted to the Durban area where several colonies in buildings were documented. No published records were available for Botswana. Our data expand the range of O. martiensseni in South Africa about 870km northward. However, this species’ relative occurrence continues to be rare, composing \u3c0.74% of all our recorded call sequences across the region. We provide the first evidence of O. martiensseni in Kruger National Park (KNP) and Mapungubwe National Park (MNP) in South Africa and from Molema Bush Camp in the Tuli Block of Botswana. Of the 13,449 call sequences analyzed in our study, 91 were determined to be from O. martiensseni and of these, 84 occurred in KNP. Our data show that O. martiensseni is more widely distributed in eastern South Africa than previously thought; however, this species is rare throughout the region and thus faces an uncertain future

Assessing evidence and testing appropriate hypotheses

It is crucial to identify the most appropriate hypotheses if one is to apply probabilistic reasoning to evaluate and properly understand the impact of evidence. Subtle changes to the choice of a prosecution hypothesis can result in drastically different posterior probabilities to a defence hypothesis from the same evidence. To illustrate the problem we consider a real case in which probabilistic arguments assumed that the prosecution hypothesis “both babies were murdered” was the appropriate alternative to the defence hypothesis “both babies died of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)”. Since it would have been sufficient for the prosecution to establish just one murder, a more appropriate alternative hypothesis was “at least one baby was murdered”. Based on the same assumptions used by one of the probability experts who examined the case, the prior odds in favour of the defence hypothesis over the double murder hypothesis are 30 to 1. However, the prior odds in favour of the defence hypothesis over the alternative ‘at least one murder’ hypothesis are only 5 to 2. Assuming that the medical and other evidence has a likelihood ratio of 5 in favour of the prosecution hypothesis results in very different conclusions about the posterior probability of the defence hypothesis

Finding the way: improving access to the collections of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society

This case study describes and discusses the ‘Images for All’ project at the Royal Scottish Geographical Society and lessons learned from it. The background to the project and collections held is described. The case study focuses on the development of the project website, the digitisation of 100 images from the collection and the nature of project management in a small scale project. The paper finds that there are many potential challenges faced by project managers working in small voluntary organisations, but these can be overcome

Differential cross-section measurements of boosted top quarks at s=13\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Differential cross-section measurements of highly boosted top quarks are presented. The dataset used has an integrated luminosity of $3.2$ fb$^{-1}$, recorded at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider in 2015. Events are selected in the lepton + jets channel, containing one isolated lepton and a large radius jet that is identified as originating from a top quark using substructure tagging techniques. The measured transverse momentum and absolute rapidity distributions are unfolded to remove detector effects and compared to a range of Monte Carlo simulations. The transverse momentum distribution shows that all Monte Carlo generators used predict a harder spectrum than observed in data, while the rapidity distribution agrees well between MC and data.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, Top201

Time dependence of current-voltage measurements of c-axis quasiparticle conductivity in 2212-BSCCO mesa structures

We report four-point IV measurements of the c-axis conductivity of mesa structures of 2212-BSCCO, using a system with sub-microsecond resolution along with multi-level pulses. These allow a test to be made for the presence of nonequilibrium effects. Our results suggest simple heating alone is important in measurements of this kind.Comment: to appear in proceedings of LT23; submitted to Physica

The middle manager: Friend or foe of employee involvement

Middle management resistance has been frequently identified as a significant barrier to the success of employee involvement practices. This paper reviews evidence from the literature and from 12 case studies on the role played by middle managers in employee involvement initiatives. There is evidence that middle management resistance often acts as a significant impediment to employee involvement. However, there is also evidence that this resistance is often a symptom of inconsistency between organisational systems and the goals of employee involvement and of inadequate training and support for middle managers. Employee involvement initiatives should pay attention to aligning organisational systems with the goals of employee involvement and treat middle managers as the targets as well as the implementors of employee involvement

Proportionality and its Applicability in the Realm of Cyber Attacks

With an ever-increasing reliance on State cyber-attacks, the need for an international treaty governing the actions of Nation-States in the realm of cyberwarfare has never been greater. States now have the ability to cause unprecedented civilian loss with their cyber actions. States can destroy financial records, disrupt stock markets, manipulate cryptocurrency, shut off nuclear reactors, turn off power grids, open dams, and even shut down air traffic control systems with the click of a mouse. This article argues that any cyber-attack launched with a reasonable expectation to inflict “incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians, or damage to civilian objects,” must be subject to the existing laws of proportionality. This article further examines the broader concept of proportionality, and the difficulties associated with applying a proportionality analysis to an offensive cyber-strike. This paper asserts that the ambiguities and complexities associated with applying the law of proportionality—in its current state and within a cyber context—will leave civilian populations vulnerable to the aggressive cyber actions of the world’s cyber powers. Consequently, this article stresses the necessity of developing a proportionality standard within a unified international cyberwarfare convention and asserts that such a standard is required in order to prevent the creation of a pathway towards lethal cyber aggressions unrestrained by the laws of war

Australian poetry: reflections on nature, space and identity

In the relatively brief history of written Australian poetry, nature has emerged as a quintessential theme. As a space and a physical expression of the natural world, nature is expressed through many styles. Even in urban poetry, nature is often held in the frame of a window, in memory, or as scarred residues in developed spaces. Contemporary poets in Australia often express a consciousness of nature, even if direct reference to the natural world is absent in an individual poem. With little to distinguish Australia's urban environment from any other city in the world, symbology of the bush and beach helps fuel the construction of Australian identity and poetry. This article explores the role of nature in Australian poetry that has helped shaped views of natural landscapes and Australian identity