Expenditures of Urban and Rural Households in 2011

The United States is a nation of great diversity. Large houses and big red barns are found on the open farmlands of the Midwest while apartments and coffee shops occupy rs of busy city streets. The varying landscapes shape the lives, customs, and spending habits of Americans. Using data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE), this BEYOND THE NUMBERS article examines demographic characteristics and spending habits of urban and rural households in the United States in 2011. In total, approximately 92 percent of households were urban and 8 percent were rural. The following data highlight important differences between consumer expenditures by rural and urban households in 2011: Urban households spent $7,808 (18 percent) more than rural households. Urban households received$15,779 (32 percent) more in yearly income than rural households. Higher housing expenditures by urban consumers accounted for about two-thirds of the difference in overall spending between urban and rural households. Rural households spent 32 percent more on prescription and nonprescription drugs than urban households. Urban households spent 28 percent more on food away from home and 5 percent less on food at home than rural households. Overall, urban households spent 7 percent more on food than rural households. Rural households spent more on gasoline and motor oil, and spent a higher percentage of their car and truck budgets on used vehicles. In the transportation spending category, urban households spent more on airline fares. Although rural and urban households spent about the same on entertainment, rural households spent more on pets, and urban households spent more on fees and admissions

An Anomalous Case of Southern Sympathy: New Jersey\u27s Civil War Stance

A popular narrative of the Civil War assumes that all Northern states stood united behind President Abraham Lincoln in their loyalty to the Union. However, the case of New Jersey suggests that this narrative of devotion is simply a myth. The agrarian economy of New Jersey kept the state firmly opposed to universal emancipation, and New Jersey behaved more like a border state than its geographic neighbors of Pennsylvania and New York. By examining New Jersey\u27s response to the release of the Emancipation Proclamation and the Election of 1864, the myth of Northern unity is broken by understanding persistent state-level economic factors

The flecnode polynomial: a central object in incidence geometry

We give a brief exposition of the proof of the Cayley-Salmon theorem and its recent role in incidence geometry. Even when we don't use the properties of ruled surfaces explicitly, the regime in which we have interesting results in point-line incidence problems often coincides with the regime in which lines are organized into ruled surfaces.Comment: 12 pages. An expository note submitted to ICM proceeding

Theoretical fan velocity distortions due to inlets and nozzles

Nonuniform velocity profiles imposed on the propulsion system fan can cause fan blade stresses and thrust losses. A theoretical parametric study of the effects of inlets with 0 deg and 90 deg nozzle deflection on the velocity profile at a hypothetical fan is presented. The parameters investigated are fan-to-nozzle spacing and inlet centerline offset. The interaction between the inlet and nozzle is also investigated. The study is made using a two-dimensional analysis