Is adolescent pregnancy a risk factor for low birth weight?

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el embarazo en la adolescencia como factor de riesgo para bajo peso al nacer. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal incluido en una cohorte de puérperas y sus respectivos recién nacidos, en las cuatro maternidades de Aracaju, SE (Brasil), de marzo a julio de 2005. Se estudiaron 4.646 pares de madres/recién nacidos. Los datos se colectaron consecutivamente durante cuatro meses. Variables sociales, biológicas y asistenciales se obtuvieron por medio de cuestionario estandarizado. Se realizó regresión logística múltiple, con control de factores de confusión y de modificación. RESULTADOS: Del total analizadas, 20,6% eran adolescentes (OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether adolescent pregnancy is a risk factor for low birth weight (LBW) babies. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of mothers and their newborns from a birth cohort in Aracaju, Northeastern Brazil. Data were collected consecutively from March to July 2005. Information collected included socioeconomic, biological and reproductive aspects of the mothers, using a standardized questionnaire. The impact of early pregnancy on birth weight was evaluated by multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: We studied 4,746 pairs of mothers and their babies. Of these, 20.6% were adolescents (< 20 years of age). Adolescent mothers had worse socioeconomic and reproductive conditions and perinatal outcomes when compared to other age groups. Having no prenatal care and smoking during pregnancy were the risk factors associated with low birth weight. Adolescent pregnancy, when linked to marital status "without partner", was associated with an increased proportion of low birth weight babies. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescence was a risk factor for LBW only for mothers without partners. Smoking during pregnancy and lack of prenatal care were considered to be independent risk factors for LBW.OBJETIVO: Avaliar a gravidez na adolescência como fator de risco para baixo peso ao nascer. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal incluído numa coorte de puérperas e seus respectivos recém-nascidos, nas quatro maternidades de Aracaju, SE, de março a julho de 2005. Os dados foram coletados consecutivamente durante quatro meses. Variáveis sociais, biológicas e assistenciais foram obtidas por meio de questionário padronizado. Foi realizada regressão logística múltipla, com controle de fatores de confusão e de modificação. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 4.746 pares de mães/recém-nascidos. Dessas, 20,6% eram adolescentes (< 20 anos). As mães adolescentes apresentaram piores condições socioeconômicas, reprodutivas e resultados perinatais mais adversos, quando comparadas com outros grupos etários. Foram identificados como fatores de risco associados ao baixo peso ao nascer a ausência de assistência no pré-natal e tabagismo na gestação. Identificou-se interação da idade materna com a situação conjugal: mães adolescentes sem companheiro tiveram maiores proporções de baixo peso ao nascer. CONCLUSÕES: A adolescência mostrou-se fator de risco para baixo peso ao nascer entre as mães sem companheiro. Tabagismo durante a gestação e ausência de assistência pré-natal associam-se ao baixo peso ao nascer

Characteristics of pregnancies, deliveries and newborns in the Metropolitan Region of Aracaju, State of Sergipe, Brazil

OBJETIVOS: descrever as características das gestações, partos e nascimentos da região metropolitana de Aracaju. As principais características demográficas e socioeconômicas e de atenção à saúde da população foram avaliadas. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal dos nascimentos ocorridos entre março e julho de 2005, procedentes da região metropolitana de Aracaju, Sergipe, Brasil. Todas as mães que tiveram parto único nascido vivo foram entrevistadas através de um questionário estruturado, com informações sobre as condições demográficas, socioeconômicas, história sexual/reprodutiva. Registros do peso, comprimento e perímetro cefálico das crianças foram transferidos para o questionário. Foi feita comparação com outros estudos brasileiros de características semelhantes. RESULTADOS: foram analisados 4746 nascimentos de parto único de Aracaju, com 69% das mães referindo renda inferior a três salários mínimos. As mães adolescentes representaram 20,6% da amostra. Entre todos os nascimentos, 7,7% tiveram duração inferior a 37 semanas, percentual semelhante ao de baixo peso ao nascer (7,2%). Prevaleceu a assistência pré-natal oferecida pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) (76,0%), que custeou 85,2% dos partos. Destes, 31,6% foram cesáreas. CONCLUSÕES: o estudo mostrou menores percentuais de partos cesária, prematuridade e baixo peso ao nascer que os encontrados em Ribeirão Preto, São Luís e Pelotas. Estudos como este podem ser muito úteis ao planejamento de saúde perinatal. _________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVES: to describe the characteristics of pregnancies, deliveries and the status of newborns at birth in the Metropolitan Area of Aracaju. The main demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and details of the medical care given to the population under study are presented. METHODS: a cross-sectional study was carried out of all deliveries in the maternity hospitals of Aracaju, in the State of Sergipe, Brazil, from March-July 2005. All mothers who gave birth to a single live baby were interviewed regarding their background, reproductive history and sexual life. Hospital records, including the babies' weight, height and cephalic perimeter, were obtained and all information transferred to a standardised questionnaire. Data were compared to equivalent findings from other studies in Brazil. RESULTS: there were 4746 single live births during the study period in Aracaju. The majority of mothers (69%) were considered poor (income <3 minimum wages). Adolescent mothers comprised 20.6% of the population. The figures for low birth-weight (7.2%) and prematurity (7.7%) were similar. Almost all mothers (98.3%) received prenatal care, 76.0% from public services – the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) -which financed most deliveries. Caesarean sections accounted for 31.6% of all deliveries. CONCLUSIONS: deliveries in Aracaju's showed good performance with a lower rate for Caesarean sections, prematurity, and low birth-weight than Ribeirão Preto, São Luís and Pelotas. Perinatal health planning may benefit from this kind of study

Les droits disciplinaires des fonctions publiques : « unification », « harmonisation » ou « distanciation ». A propos de la loi du 26 avril 2016 relative à la déontologie et aux droits et obligations des fonctionnaires

The production of tt‾ , W+bb‾ and W+cc‾ is studied in the forward region of proton–proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.98±0.02 fb−1 . The W bosons are reconstructed in the decays W→ℓν , where ℓ denotes muon or electron, while the b and c quarks are reconstructed as jets. All measured cross-sections are in agreement with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions.The production of $t\overline{t}$, $W+b\overline{b}$ and $W+c\overline{c}$ is studied in the forward region of proton-proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.98 $\pm$ 0.02 \mbox{fb}^{-1}. The $W$ bosons are reconstructed in the decays $W\rightarrow\ell\nu$, where $\ell$ denotes muon or electron, while the $b$ and $c$ quarks are reconstructed as jets. All measured cross-sections are in agreement with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe