DOENÇA TROFOBLÁSTICA GESTACIONAL E SUAS COMPLICAÇÕES: ANÁLISE DE CASOS

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease is a spectrum of disorders characterized by abnormal trophoblastic proliferation, subclassified into hydatidiform mole (complete and partial) and potentially fatal trophoblastic neoplasms with high metastatic potential, such as invasive mole, choriocarcinoma and trophoblastic tumors. Choriocarcinoma is the most common neoplasm secondary to hydatidiform mole, with a high incidence of lung metastasis, whose initial manifestation is hemoptysis. On the other hand, hydatidiform mole originates from villous trophoblasts and is considered a pre-neoplastic condition, whose clinical picture includes vaginal bleeding, hyperemesis and uterine enlargement, with complications such as preeclampsia, anemia and dyspnea. Objective: To analyze cases regarding Gestational Trophoblastic Disease and its complications. Methodology: This is an integrative literature review, of a quantitative nature, whose articles were selected from PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library On-line (SciELO) and Cochrane Library databases, in English. The choice of articles was performed by reading the title, abstract and, finally, reading the article in its entirety, with a careful analysis of the articles based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Final considerations: It is concluded that gestational choriocarcinoma is the most common gestational trophoblastic neoplasm, often secondary to hydatidiform mole, and its main metastatic target is the lung parenchyma, the main clinical manifestation being hemoptysis. There is a tendency to increase blood pressure in pregnant women with hydatidiform mole, which can lead to preeclampsia. Thus, it is possible for the fetus to have intrauterine growth restriction, requiring histopathological examination in all cases.La enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional es un espectro de trastornos caracterizados por una proliferación trofoblástica anormal, subclasificados en mola hidatiforme (completa y parcial) y neoplasias trofoblásticas potencialmente mortales con alto potencial metastásico, como la mola invasiva, el coriocarcinoma y los tumores trofoblásticos. El coriocarcinoma es la neoplasia más frecuente secundaria a mola hidatiforme, con alta incidencia de metástasis pulmonares, cuya manifestación inicial es la hemoptisis. Por otro lado, la mola hidatiforme se origina a partir de trofoblastos vellosos y se considera una condición preneoplásica, cuyo cuadro clínico incluye sangrado vaginal, hiperémesis y agrandamiento uterino, con complicaciones como preeclampsia, anemia y disnea. Objetivo: Analizar casos de Enfermedad Trofoblástica Gestacional y sus complicaciones. Metodología: Se trata de una revisión bibliográfica integradora, de carácter cuantitativo, cuyos artículos fueron seleccionados de las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO y Cochrane Library, en inglés. La elección de los artículos se realizó mediante la lectura del título, resumen y, finalmente, lectura del artículo en su totalidad, con un análisis cuidadoso de los artículos a partir de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Consideraciones finales: Se concluye que el coriocarcinoma gestacional es la neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional más frecuente, muchas veces secundaria a mola hidatiforme, y su principal diana metastásica es el parénquima pulmonar, siendo la principal manifestación clínica la hemoptisis. Hay una tendencia a aumentar la presión arterial en mujeres embarazadas con mola hidatiforme, lo que puede conducir a la preeclampsia. Así, es posible que el feto tenga restricción del crecimiento intrauterino, requiriendo examen histopatológico en todos los casos.A Doença Trofoblástica Gestacional é um espectro de distúrbios caracterizados por proliferação trofoblástica anormal, subclassificada em mola hidatiforme (completa e parcial) e neoplasias trofoblásticas com alto potencial metastático e potencialmente fatais, como a mola invasora, coriocarcinoma e tumores trofoblásticos. O coriocarcinoma é a neoplasia mais comum e secundária à mola hidatiforme, com alta incidência de metástase pulmonar, cuja manifestação inicial é a hemoptise. Por outro lado, a mola hidatiforme se originam de trofoblastos vilosos e é considerada condição pré-neoplásica, cujo quadro clínico inclui sangramentos vaginais, hiperêmese e aumento uterino e tem como complicações a pré-eclâmpsia, anemia e dispneia. Objetivo: Analisar casos a respeito da Doença Trofoblástica Gestacional e suas complicações. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica integrativa, de natureza quantitativa, cujos artigos foram selecionados das bases de dados PubMed, Scientific Eletronic Library On-line (SciELO) e Cochrane Library, na língua inglesa. A escolha dos artigos foi realizada por meio da leitura do título, resumo e, por fim, da leitura do artigo na íntegra, sendo realizada uma análise criteriosa dos artigos fundamentados nos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Considerações finais: Conclui-se que o coriocarcinoma gestacional é a neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional mais comum, muitas vezes secundária à mola hidatiforme, e tem como principal alvo metastático o parênquima pulmonar, sendo a principal manifestação clínica a hemoptise. Há uma tendência ao aumento da pressão arterial na gestante com mola hidatiforme, podendo adquirir pré-eclâmpsia. Desse modo, é possível o feto possuir restrição de crescimento intrauterino, sendo necessária a realização do exame histopatológico em todos os casos

PREVENCIÓN DE LA CONTAMINACIÓN POR COVID-19 EN LOS BARRIOS DEL DISTRITO SANITARIO DE CABULA-BEIRU: ESTRATEGIAS DE ACCIONES QUE PROPORCIONEN AISLAMIENTO SOCIAL

Introdução: A pandemia do COVID-19 atingiu todas as populações do mundo levando a morte mais de 1.178.475 pessoas e contaminando outras 44.888.869 até outubro de 2020. Um efeito desproporcional causado pelo Sars-CoV-2 decorre das desigualdades sociais. No Brasil, onde a pandemia causa efeitos distintos nas periferias, favelas e no interior do país a pandemia revelou a grande diferença entre as classes sociais. O Distrito Sanitário Cabula-Beirú nº 9 engloba comunidades que enfrentam estas desigualdades. Objetivo: Viabilizar o isolamento social das famílias do Distrito Sanitário Cabula Beirú nº 9 através de ações sociais desenvolvidas por professores da UNEB. Método: Um grupo de quatro professores convidou alunos, outros docentes e servidores para participarem de um projeto de extensão voluntário, com atividades presenciais e não presenciais entre maio e setembro de 2020. Resultados: Houve adesão de 25 membros ao grupo, entre professores, discentes e servidores técnicos administrativos. A maioria deles optou por atuar de forma remota por pertencerem a grupo de risco frente à pandemia. Diferentes campanhas de doações por meio de drive thru foram desenvolvidas para arrecadação de alimentos, materiais de limpeza, roupas e calçados, e óleo usado, além de doações financeiras. As doações em dinheiro (62%) e a realização de um drive thru (32%) se mostraram estratégias eficazes, pois capitanearam 94% das doações. O uso de redes sociais foi uma ferramenta essencial no desenvolvimento do projeto para arrecadação de donativos, divulgação e retroalimentação das ações. As articulações intersetorial da UNEB e interinstitucional tornaram o projeto exequível. Conclusão: Foram contempladas 165 famílias, distribuídas 10,5 toneladas em cestas básicas, kits de limpeza e material de higiene, 1.500 máscaras, 300 unidades de sabão ecológico, 150 cartilhas educativas. O projeto foi mantido em caráter assistencialista por 5 meses.Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all populations in the world, leading to the death of over 1,178,475 people and has infected another 44,888,869 by October 2020. A disproportionate effect caused by Sars-CoV-2 stems from social inequalities. In Brazil, where the pandemic has different effects in the suburbs, favelas and in the interior of the country, it reveals the great difference between social classes. The Cabula-Beirú Sanitary District nº 9 encompasses communities that face these inequalities. Objective:  To enable the social isolation of families in the Cabula-Beirú Sanitary District nº 9 through social actions developed by UNEB teachers. Method: A group of four professors invited students, other professors and civil servants to participate in a voluntary extension project, with face-to-face and off-site activities between May and September 2020. Results: There was 25 members joining the group, including teachers, students and technical servers. Most of them chose to act remotely, claiming to belong to a risk group facing the pandemic. Differents donation campaigns through drive thru were developed to collect food, cleaning materials, clothes and shoes, and used oil, in addition to financial donations. Donations in cash (62%) and conducting a drive thru (32%) proved to be effective strategies, as they led 94% of donations. Social networks were essential tools in the development of the project for collecting donations, dissemination and feedback on actions. UNEB's inter-sector and inter-institutional articulations made the project feasible. Conclusion: 165 families were covered, 10.5 tons were distributed in food baskets, cleaning kits and hygiene material, 1,500 masks, 300 units of ecological soap, 150 educational booklets. The project was maintained in an assistencialist nature for 5 months.Introducción: La pandemia de COVID-19 llegó a todas las poblaciones del mundo provocando la muerte de más de 1.178.475 personas y contaminando a otras 44.888.869 hasta octubre de 2020. Un efecto desproporcionado causado por el Sars-CoV-2 se deriva de las desigualdades sociales. En Brasil, donde la pandemia causa distintos efectos en las periferias, las favelas y en el interior del país, revela la gran diferencia entre las clases sociales. El Distrito Sanitario Cabula-Beirú nº 9 engloba a las comunidades que se enfrentan a estas desigualdades. Objetivo: Los profesores de la UNEB se disponen a desarrollar acciones para viabilizar el aislamiento de las familias disminuyendo el contenido del COVID-19. Método: Un grupo de cuatro profesores invitó a estudiantes, otros docentes y servidores a participar en un proyecto de extensión voluntario, con actividades presenciales y no presenciales entre mayo y septiembre de 2020. Resultados: Veinticinco miembros se unieron al grupo, entre profesores, estudiantes y funcionarios. La mayoría de ellos optaron por actuar a distancia, alegando pertenecer a un grupo de riesgo contra la pandemia. Se desarrollaron diferentes campañas de donación para recoger alimentos, material de limpieza, ropa y zapatos, y aceite usado a través de drive thru, además de donaciones económicas. Las donaciones en efectivo (62%) y el drive thru (32%) resultaron ser estrategias eficaces, ya que captaron el 94% de las donaciones. Las redes sociales fueron herramientas esenciales en el desarrollo del proyecto para recoger donaciones, acciones de difusión y retroalimentación. Las articulaciones intersectoriales de la UNEB e interinstitucionales hicieron posible el proyecto. Conclusión: se contemplaron 165 familias, se distribuyeron 10,5 toneladas en cestas de alimentos, kits de limpieza y material de higiene, 1.500 mascarillas, 300 unidades de jabón ecológico, 150 folletos. El proyecto se mantuvo con carácter benéfico durante 5 meses

Growth or somatotrophic hormone: new perspectives in isolated GH deficiency after description of the mutation in the GHRH receptor gene in individuals of Itabaianinha county, Brazil

Além de influenciar o crescimento corpóreo, o hormônio do crescimento, ou somatotrófico, desempenha importante papel no metabolismo, composição corporal, perfil lipídico, estado cardiovascular e longevidade. Seu controle é multi-regulado por hormônios, metabólitos e peptídeos hipotalâmicos. Dados sobre a Deficiência Isolada de GH (DIGH) obtidos a partir da descrição da mutação IVS1+1G→A no gene do receptor do hormônio liberador do GH (GHRH-R) em indivíduos da cidade de Itabaianinha, SE, são revisados. São abordadas novas perspectivas sobre o modelo de resistência ao GHRH, a importância do GHRH no controle da secreção de GH, a freqüência das mutações do gene do GHRH-R, a relevância diagnóstica do IGF-I e os achados metabólicos, cardiovasculares e de qualidade de vida nestes indivíduos._________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT: In addition to stimulating body growth, growth or somatotrophic hormone plays an important role in metabolism, body composition, lipid profile, cardiovascular status and longevity. Its control is multiregulated by hormones, metabolites and hypothalamic peptides. Obtained data of the isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD) after the description of the IVS1+1G→A GHRH receptor gene mutation in individuals of Itabaianinha County are reviewed. New perspectives about the growth hormone resistance model, the importance of GHRH in the control of GH secretion, the frequency of GHRH-R gene mutations, the diagnostic relevance of IGF-I and the metabolic, cardiovascular and quality of life findings are approached

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt