Piezoresistive Sensitivity, Linearity and Resistance Time Drift of Polysilicon Nanofilms with Different Deposition Temperatures

Our previous research work indicated that highly boron doped polysilicon nanofilms (≤100 nm in thickness) have higher gauge factor (the maximum is ∼34 for 80 nm-thick films) and better temperature stability than common polysilicon films (≥ 200nm in thickness) at the same doping levels. Therefore, in order to further analyze the influence of deposition temperature on the film structure and piezoresistance performance, the piezoresistive sensitivity, piezoresistive linearity (PRL) and resistance time drift (RTD) of 80 nm-thick highly boron doped polysilicon nanofilms (PSNFs) with different deposition temperatures were studied here. The tunneling piezoresistive model was established to explain the relationship between the measured gauge factors (GFs) and deposition temperature. It was seen that the piezoresistance coefficient (PRC) of composite grain boundaries is higher than that of grains and the magnitude of GF is dependent on the resistivity of grain boundary (GB) barriers and the weight of the resistivity of composite GBs in the film resistivity. In the investigations on PRL and RTD, the interstitial-vacancy (IV) model was established to model GBs as the accumulation of IV pairs. And the recrystallization of metastable IV pairs caused by material deformation or current excitation is considered as the prime reason for piezoresistive nonlinearity (PRNL) and RTD. Finally, the optimal deposition temperature for the improvement of film performance and reliability is about 620 °C and the high temperature annealing is not very effective in improving the piezoresistive performance of PSNFs deposited at lower temperatures

Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes

Cancer is driven by genetic change, and the advent of massively parallel sequencing has enabled systematic documentation of this variation at the whole-genome scale(1-3). Here we report the integrative analysis of 2,658 whole-cancer genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We describe the generation of the PCAWG resource, facilitated by international data sharing using compute clouds. On average, cancer genomes contained 4-5 driver mutations when combining coding and non-coding genomic elements; however, in around 5% of cases no drivers were identified, suggesting that cancer driver discovery is not yet complete. Chromothripsis, in which many clustered structural variants arise in a single catastrophic event, is frequently an early event in tumour evolution; in acral melanoma, for example, these events precede most somatic point mutations and affect several cancer-associated genes simultaneously. Cancers with abnormal telomere maintenance often originate from tissues with low replicative activity and show several mechanisms of preventing telomere attrition to critical levels. Common and rare germline variants affect patterns of somatic mutation, including point mutations, structural variants and somatic retrotransposition. A collection of papers from the PCAWG Consortium describes non-coding mutations that drive cancer beyond those in the TERT promoter(4); identifies new signatures of mutational processes that cause base substitutions, small insertions and deletions and structural variation(5,6); analyses timings and patterns of tumour evolution(7); describes the diverse transcriptional consequences of somatic mutation on splicing, expression levels, fusion genes and promoter activity(8,9); and evaluates a range of more-specialized features of cancer genomes(8,10-18).Peer reviewe

台灣產山椒魚之生物學研究

[[abstract]]山椒魚廣泛分布於台灣海拔2,000 公尺以上之高山，其體色可分為阿里山型、能高型 和南湖型。四種鋤骨齒型的分布與體色無關，但隨各海拔高度有顯著不同。脊椎體、 手部和足部的骨骼組成個體差異很大，不適於作為分類的依據。染色體數目，南湖型 和阿里山型都是2n＝56條。本研究以體色斑紋，鋤骨齒型及染色體數目，證實台灣的 山椒魚將徵有連續性的變異，以往所認為的台灣山椒魚和阿里山山椒魚只是楚南氏山 椒魚的變異型。 山椒魚棲息於石下或木頭下的縫隙中，主要以節肢動物為食，尤其是鞘翅目和雙翅目 昆蟲，亦可捕食小型小棲動物。 山椒魚的分布集中於水道5 公尺以內（70％以上），可能受到食物和習性的影響；季 節也會影響其分布，乾季山椒魚較集中於水邊，雨季較分散，可能與濕度，溫度和生 殖有關；吻肛長的大小亦影響其分布。小山椒魚（SVL <25㎜）與成體（≧45㎜）較 近水邊活動，二者無顯著差異，而年輕的個體（SVL 介於25∼45㎜間）較遠離水道活 動，與小山椒魚和成體有顯著差異。 活動範圍一般均很小，在0.07∼9.92㎡。水邊活動者其活動範圍成長條形，與水道平 行，並有重疊的情形，而遠離水道者，則無此現象。但人為劇烈破壞其棲所時，會造 成山椒魚的長距離遷移。 由標效法證實在A 樣區和B 樣區山椒魚的移動無顯著不同。單位面積捕獲率和族群密 度都以春季為最高，B 樣區大於A 樣區，這是由於B 樣區面積狹小，各點距水道近， 適於山椒魚棲息之故。捕獲量和族群估算值以春季最高，秋冬季最少，每年三月A 樣 區可捕獲大量小小椒魚，推測其生殖季節應在冬季。

二硒酸氫三銨及硒酸鋰銨的晶體結耩與低溫相變

[[abstract]]本論文用偏光顯微鏡觀察(NH ) H(SeO ) 晶體的室溫雙晶結構，及以X 光繞射進動方 法探討(NH ) H(SeO ) 單晶的低溫相變情形。此外我們亦利用X 光澆繞射進動法探討 LiNH SeO 晶體的室體的室溫晶格參數, 並利用四環繞射儀收集(NH ) H(SeO ) 和L- iNH SeO 繞射強度之數據，進行室溫結構解析。 (NH ) H(SEO ) 在室溫下發現有兩種雙晶體開式，一種是將六方形晶片劃分如鑲嵌細 工般的許多線條區域，此種雙晶在室溫時其conoscopic image特性為雙光軸，但繞射 結果呈現三角晶的性質，乃是因有三種方向不同單斜晶軸以a 軸為共同軸各轉 120 °所造成的。另一種雙晶是將六方形晶片劃分成12塊單晶區域，此種雙晶型式屬於 merohedry 型雙晶。單晶室溫為單斜晶 ，空間群為C2/c，當溫度下降時，晶體發生 結構相變-20℃ 為單斜晶，可能空間群為A2/m,-110℃ 時為單斜晶，可能空間群為A2 。 LiNH SeO 室溫屬於正交晶係，勞埃對稱是mmm ，消光條件為：(hol):all order; ( hko):h=2n, 可能的空間群為Pdma或Pb2 a 。晶體資料為：a=10.563(12) b=17.378( 17) c=5.119(3) , D =2.39g/cm , z=8。 #50008899.abs #50008899.abs

4-異丙基庚烷與4.5-二甲基辛烷之催化脫氫環化反應

[[abstract]]由丙基溴化銓與異丁酸乙酯之反應，得4-異丙基-4-庚醇，將其脫水再加氫之後合 成4-異丙基庚烷。由2-戊酮之偶合得4.5-二甲基-4-辛烯，再加氫而合成4.5-二甲 基辛烷。 將此二種烷於500 C，分別通過pt-Al.A，pt-Cr O -Na CO -A1.A，Cr O -A1.A三種 催化劑，發 為產物之一，基生成選擇率以pt-A1.A 最好。4-異丙基庚烷又比4.5- 二甲基辛烷容易成 。 #2810922

[[alternative]]An Action Research on Applying Epistemology of Practice to Counselors' Professional Self-construction

[[abstract]]An Action Research on Applying Epistemology of Practice to Counselors' Professional Self-construction By Shi-Ming Chen Abstract The common phenomenon that counseling theory and research were easily alienated from practice and the loss of professional subjectivity under the influence of positivism in the past has gradually changed to the emphasis of active construction and a multi-research approach by the impact of constructivism and post-modernism. The purpose of this study is to employ the epistemology of practice theory and methodology, through an action research of counseling supervision, to assist counselors to reflect and learn from the professional practice, and to construct and reflect upon their personal theories from the action of practice. In addition, the study also intends to help counselors to transfer the alienation in the counseling, and reflects the result of the application of epistemology of practice to counselors' professional self-construction. This study is conducted by the researcher and three counselor interns in the form of counseling supervision. The process of supervision focuses mainly on three aspects: counselors' learning in counseling theory, their practice of counseling, and the construction of counselors' personal theories. The study took place over an eleven-week time period, once per week and each session lasted three hours. The data and materials covered in this study include: the counselors' verbatim and self-critique, notes of counseling and supervision, personal theories, session reports, supervision verbatim, responses in the reflective seminar, and the researcher's self-reflection and monitoring brief. The data above were categorized and coded and then described and interpreted. The result of this study is summarized as follows: I. Regarding the knowing process of counselors' professional practice, the study result indicates: 1. The action patterns of counselors' knowing and comprehending includes: (1) checking the status of their self-preparation before the counseling. (2) collecting and studying the client's personal information. (3) organizing and interpreting data. 2. The action patterns of the counselors' intervention includes: (1) swinging between the actions of direct questioning and open probing. (2) maintaining reflective thinking and awareness about the way of their action and reaction. 3. The counselor's knowing patterns about the consequences of their actions are mainly based on the client's response, counselors' response, peer's and supervisor's feedback and response, theoretical viewpoints, and self-reflective thinking. 4. The learning patterns of a counselor's practice includes: (1) the learning of reflective thinking. (2) the construction of professional self-schema. (3) the development of dialectical tension. (4) the learning and reflection of the knowing and practicing process. (5) the formation of a consciousness of subjectivity. 5. The cause of a counselor's ineffectiveness includes: lack of warm-up before professional practice, over-directive and unilateral control during the action, lack of internally integrated schema and frame of reference, and lack of the method of practicing and knowing. 6. Regarding the transformation of a counselor's ineffectiveness , it is mainly by the provision of feedback and existence of self-awareness, reflecting past constrained and obeyed learning experience, recognition of an accustomed past learning model, the reflective thinking regarding the experience of practice, and the reflective thinking regarding subjectivity and personal theories. II. Regarding the result of a counselor's professional self-construction, the study indicates: l Counselors are able to construct and develop personal counseling theories. 2 Counselors are only able to construct a prototype of personal theories, and its internal consistency and external effectiveness need constant practice, reflection, and construction. 3 Counselors' construction of theories on assisting others and self-assistance depends upon the creation of a reflective and feedback mechanism in order to be able to construct an integrated knowing-practicing-and-reflecting theory. III. Regarding the result of applying the epistemology of practice to counselors' professional self-construction, the study shows: l Counselors all experienced a process of a constant cycle development of SACR and a transactional dialectical transformation in practicing, knowing and learning. 2.The reflective inquiry of counselors' knowing and action patterns can stimulate the reflection and construction of a counselor's personal theories. 3 This action research helps counselors' professional self-construction, personal growth, and continuous professional development. 4 The meta-model of SACR used in this study can be applied to the counselor with different theoretical approaches in supervision. 5 The theoretical model and methodology constructed in this study can help professional practitioners integrate theory, research and practice, and transform the ineffectiveness into effective practice. Based on the findings and conclusions of this study, suggestions in the aspect of counselor education, practice and future study were as follows: 1. Establish a teaching model of epistemology that practice and encourage the exploration and learning of the theoretical construction process and methodology. 2. Develop an educational approach for counselors to pursue a life-time professional career development and continuous construction of personal theories. 3. Reinforce the learning ability of transferring and dialecting in knowing, practicing and reflecting, and enforce the construction and practice of the knowing and practicing methodology. 4. Promote the action study of epistemology of practice in real situations. 5. Reinforce the monitoring of intern-training and on-the-job-training. 6. Apply epistemology of practice to counselors in various stages of development and to professional practitioners in different areas; and promote the study and creation of appropriate evaluation tools in the future. 7. Regarding the study topic, the process and content of the practice by the researcher during supervision can be further reflected upon and studied. 8. In terms of research attitude, the researcher must reflect constantly and converse with the professional community, be open to questions and criticism, and continuously check, deconstruct and reconstruct his theoretical construction through the process of continuous practice and reflection. Key words: epistemology of practice, professional self-construction, action research

Detecting changes in extreme precipitation and extreme streamflow in the Dongjiang River Basin in southern China

International audienceExtreme hydro-meteorological events have become the focus of more and more studies in the last decade. Due to the complexity of the spatial pattern of changes in precipitation processes, it is still hard to establish a clear view of how precipitation has changed and how it will change in the future. In the present study, changes in extreme precipitation and streamflow processes in the Dongjiang River Basin in southern China are investigated with several nonparametric methods, including one method (Mann-Kendall test) for detecting trend, and three methods (Kolmogorov?Smirnov test, Levene's test and quantile test) for detecting changes in probability distribution. It was shown that little change is observed in annual extreme precipitation in terms of various indices, but some significant changes are found in the precipitation processes on a monthly basis, which indicates that when detecting climate changes, besides annual indices, seasonal variations in extreme events should be considered as well. Despite of little change in annual extreme precipitation series, significant changes are detected in several annual extreme flood flow and low-flow series, mainly at the stations along the main channel of Dongjiang River, which are affected significantly by the operation of several major reservoirs. To assess the reliability of the results, the power of three non-parametric methods are assessed by Monte Carlo simulation. The simulation results show that, while all three methods work well for detecting changes in two groups of data with large sample size (e.g., over 200 points in each group) and large differences in distribution parameters (e.g., over 100% increase of scale parameter in Gamma distribution), none of them are powerful enough for small data sets (e.g., less than 100 points) and small distribution parameter difference (e.g., 50% increase of scale parameter in Gamma distribution). The result of the present study raises the concern of the robustness of statistical change-detection methods, shows the necessity of combined use of different methods including both exploratory and quantitative statistical methods, and emphasizes the need of physically sound explanation when applying statistical test methods for detecting changes

清末民初軍國民教育之體育思想

[[abstract]]清季末葉之世，迭因傳統教育思想之凝塑，復受鴉片之大纛，致使國民體魄日衰；是 時，西風東漸，肇使社會變遷，職此之故，有識之士省知傳統中國教育制度，無法適 應時代需求。觀視國民輕武尚文，因而，保國保教保種之思想日熾；加以賡續不窮之 敗戰，乃興中體西用，師夷制夷之教育思潮，進而引介軍國民教育。其以全民皆兵形 式為目標，兵式體操為手段，對當時體育思想之形成與發展，實具催化作用。 本文共分六章。第一章為「緒論」。述明本文探討的動機與目的；課題與限制；必要 性與文獻探討；最後為名詞詮釋。 第二章為「研究方法與理論模型建構」。首述本文所採用之歷史研究法；續建構理論 模型以窺全文探討之內容。 第三章為「軍國民教育之體育思想背景」。闡發軍備教育的失敗，國勢阽危，激起國 人尚武觀念之萌芽，更引介列強教育，繼而全民皆兵形式盛行，至形式匯流所成之條 件背景。 第四章為「軍國民教育思想背景」。敘論軍國民教育之體育思想形成淵源，以明根由 。第五章為「軍國民教育之體育思想發展」。說明清未民初體塾思想因應時代變局， 所衍生各時期思想變遷。 第六章為「結論」。探討左文主題所產生之影響，且歸納總結為下列數端啟示： 一•清末民初體育思想發展之背景，乃為求保國保教保種之需，而興尚武精神所肇致 。 二•北期體育思想形成之淵源，不僅以中國固有思想為基石，且引介西洋、日本等 列強國家之體育思想。惟多所強加附會，未察其理，急功於使國民接受；或一味抄襲 模仿，未加以籌畫經理，以適國情。

專家系統在我國電機電子業應用之規劃研究

[[abstract]]本研究旨在(一)探討國外電機電子業專家系統應用領域及成效。(二)探討我國電機子 業應用專家系統的可行性，(三)研擬我國電機電子業發展應用專家系統的方針。本研 究採用文獻分析法、電話訪問及實地訪談。電話訪問共96家公司，其中實地訪談7 家 公司。 研究結果發現：(一)大多數公司企業規模及生產技術未達到應用專家技術的層次， ( 二) 對專家系統有潛在需求的廠商，卻遭遇不瞭解專家系統應用領域及未看到國內實 際應用專家系統效益的問題, ( 三 )瞭解專家系統效益及技術的公司，提出發展專家 系統的需求，但由於缺乏發展專家系統的技術與經驗不夠，而進行規畫發展的研究。 依據所提出專家系統應用發展的需求(共有七套)，進行評估後，適合現階段發展的專 家系統有四套：印刷電路版電子零件作業生產排程專家系統、產品生產規畫專家系統 、橡膠原料精練混料專家系統、電子零件編碼專家系統。 依據研究發現與研究目的獲致主要結論如下： 一、我國電機電子業發展應用專家系統已有需求產生，但發展意願不迫切，探討其原 因為缺乏發展的技術、經驗及未有實際應用效益的專家系統。 二、推動國內電機電子業發展應用專家系統，應結合有關單位財力、物力，選擇現階 段適合發展的專家系統，發展實際運作的事家系統，以帶動國內電機電子業專家系統 的發展應用。 據此，本研究提出我國電機電子業未來發展應用專家系統，在發展方針及人材訓練等 方面建議，藉有關單位參考。

Analysis of the cohesion/adhesion proportion around bitumen-mineral failure interface under tensile loading

The occurrence of cohesive/adhesive hybrid failure at the bitumen-aggregate interface is widely acknowledged, however, the quantitative evaluation of the cohesion/adhesion proportion is relatively weak. This study explored cohesive/adhesive hybrid failure and provided a quantitative analysis of the proportion between cohesion and adhesion. For this reason, this study considered a variety of experimental factors that included temperature (5 °C, 15 °C, and 25 °C), mineral morphology (three mineral types and three surface textures), and measured film thickness (varying from 10 μm to 900 μm). By performing the bonding strength test, the strength was recorded and interface failure was accordingly captured. The results indicated that the cohesion/adhesion proportion varied significantly with the temperature, mineral morphology, and measured film thickness. In addition, it was found that bonding strength decreased with the increase in the film thickness and temperature, which can be well explained by variation in adhesion/cohesion proportion. Complete cohesive failure was observed when the film thickness increased beyond a critical value at a relatively high temperature. An additional noteworthy finding was the resemblance of a lunar crater for the failure interface at high temperatures, signifying the heterogeneous composition of the bituminous binder around the interface.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Pavement Engineerin