Chemical reactions at metal surfaces Annual progress report, May 1, 1967 - Apr. 30, 1968

Hydrogen and oxygen effects on nickel surface, ammonia catalysis on tungsten surface, and work function measurements on tungsten crystal plane

Hydrogen and oxygen on a /110/ nickel surface

Hydrogen-oxygen reaction on nickel surface, electron diffraction stud

NLO electroweak contributions to squark pair production at the LHC

We present the tree-level and next-to-leading order (NLO) electroweak (EW) contributions to squark-squark production at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) within the framework of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM).Comment: To appear in the proceedings of 17th International Conference on Supersymmetry and the Unification of Fundamental Interactions (SUSY09), Boston, USA, 5-10 Jun 200

Analytical modeling and 3D finite element simulation of line edge roughness in scatterometry

The influence of edge roughness in angle resolved scatterometry at periodically structured surfaces is investigated. A good description of the radiation interaction with structured surfaces is crucial for the understanding of optical imaging processes like, e.g. in photolithography. We compared an analytical 2D model and a numerical 3D simulation with respect to the characterization of 2D diffraction of a line grating involving structure roughness. The results show a remarkably high agreement. The diffraction intensities of a rough structure can therefore be estimated using the numerical simulation result of an undisturbed structure and an analytically derived correction function. This work allows to improve scatterometric results for the case of practically relevant 2D structures

Top-squark pair production at the LHC: a complete analysis at next-to-leading order

We present a complete next-to-leading order study of top-squark pair production at the LHC, including QCD and EW corrections. The calculation is performed within the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model and numerical results are presented for parameter regions compatible with the observed Higgs boson. We employ the most recent parton distribution functions including QED corrections and we find NLO EW corrections to the inclusive stop-pair production cross section up to $25 - 30\%$ compared to the leading-order prediction. Besides corrections to inclusive cross sections also important kinematic distributions are investigated.Comment: 27 pages, 10 figures. Version published in JHEP. The numerical discussion in Section 3 has been extended. References have been adde

Feminist Thought and Women\u27s History in Japan : The Case of Takamure Itsue

Historical Consciousness, Historiography, and Modern Japanese Values, 2002年10月末-11月, カナダ, アルバータ州バン

Design and analysis of integrated waveguide structures and their coupling to silicon-based light emitters

A major focus is on integrated Silicon-based optoelectronics for the creation of low-cost photonics for mass-market applications. Especially, the growing demand for sensitive and portable optical sensors in the environmental control and medicine follows in the development of integrated high resolution sensors [1]. In particular, since 2013 the quick onsite verification of pathogens, like legionella in drinking water pipes, is becoming increasingly important [2, 3]. The essential questions regarding the establishment of portable biochemical sensors are the incorporation of electronic and optical devices as well as the implementations of fundamental cross-innovations between biotechnology and microelectronics. This thesis describes the design, fabrication and analysis of high-refractive-index-contrast photonic structures. Besides silicon nitride (Si3N4) strip waveguides, lateral tapers, bended waveguides, two-dimensional photonic crystals (PhCs) the focus lies on monolithically integrated waveguide butt-coupled Silicon-based light emitting devices (Sibased LEDs) [4, 5] for use as bioanalytical sensor components. Firstly, the design and performance characteristics as single mode regime, confinement factor and propagation losses due to the geometry and operation wavelength (1550 nm, 541 nm) of single mode (SM), multi mode (MM) waveguides and bends are studied and simulated. As a result, SM operation is obtained for 1550 nm by limiting the waveguide cross-section to 0.5 μm x 1 μm resulting in modal confinement factors of 87 %. In contrast, for shorter wavelengths as 541 nm SM propagation is excluded if the core height is not further decreased. Moreover, the obtained theoretical propagation losses for the lowestorder TE/TM mode are in the range of 0.3 - 1.3 dB/cm for an interface roughness of 1 nm. The lower silicon dioxide (SiO2) waveguide cladding should be at least 1 μm to avoid substrate radiations. These results are in a good correlation to the known values for common dielectric structures. In the case of bended waveguides, an idealized device with a radius of 10 μm was developed which shows a reflection minimum (S11 = - 22 dB) at 1550 nm resulting in almost perfect transmission of the signal. Additionally, tapered waveguides were investigated for an optimized light coupling between high-aspect-ratio devices. Here, adiabatic down-tapered waveguides were designed for the elimination of higher-order modes and perfect signal transmission. Secondly, fabrication lines including Electron-beam (E-beam) lithography and reactive ion etching (RIE) with an Aluminum (Al) mask were developed and lead to well fabricated optical devices in the (sub)micrometer range. The usage of focused ion beam (FIB) milling is invented for smoother front faces which were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). As a result, the anisotropy of the RIE process was increased, but the obtained surface roughness parameters are still too high (10 – 20 nm) demonstrating a more advanced lithography technique is needed for higher quality structures. Moreover, this study presents an alternative fabrication pathway for novel designed waveguides with free-edge overlapping endfaces for improving fiber-chipcoupling. Thirdly, the main focus lies on the development of a monolithic integration circuit consisting of the Si-based LED coupled to an integrated waveguide. The light propagation between high-aspect-ratio devices is enabled through low-loss adiabatic tapers. This study shows, that the usage of CMOS-related fabrication technologies result in a monolithic manufacturing pathway for the successful implementation of fully integrated Si-based photonic circuits. Fourth, transmission loss measurements of the fabricated photonic structures as well as the waveguide butt-coupled Si-based LEDs were performed with a generated setup. As a result, free-edge overlapping MM waveguides show propagation loss coefficients of ~ 65 dB/cm in the range of the telecommunication wavelength. The high surface roughness parameters (~ 150 nm) and the modal dispersion in the core are one of the key driving factors. These facts clearly underline the improvement potential of the used fabrication processes. However, electroluminescence (EL) measurements of waveguide butt-coupled Si-based LEDs due to the implanted rare earth (RE) ion (Tb3+, Er3+) and the host material (SiO2/SiNx) were carried out. The detected transmission spectra of the coupled Tb:SiO2 systems show a weak EL signal at the main transition line of the Tb3+-ion (538 nm). A second emission line was detected in the red region of the spectrum either corresponding to a further optical transition of Tb3+ or a Non Bridging Oxygen Hole Center (NBOHC) in SiO2. Unfortunately, no light emission in the infrared range was established for the Er3+-doped photonic circuits caused by the low external quantum efficiencies (EQE) of the Er3+ implanted Si-based LEDs. Nevertheless, transmission measurements between 450 nm – 800 nm lead again to the result that an emission at 650 nm is either caused by an optical transition of the Er3+-ion or initialized by the NBOHC in the host. Overall, it is difficult to assess whether or not these EL signals are generated from the implanted ions, thus detailed statements about the coupling efficiency between the LED and the integrated waveguide are quite inadequate. Nevertheless, the principle of a fully monolithically integrated photonic circuit consisting of a Si-based LED and a waveguide has been successfully proven in this study

Essays on risk preferences, time preferences, and credit risk contagion

This cumulative dissertation comprises two contributions on behavioral finance and one contribution on credit risk management. The first contribution examines the impact of investors’ probability distortion on the stock market and future economic growth. The empirical challenge is to quantify the optimality of today’s decisions in order to study its impact on future economic growth. Risk preferences can be estimated using stock prices. We use a time series of monthly aggregated stock prices from 1926 to 2015 and estimate risk preferences via an asset pricing model using cumulative prospect theory agents and compute a recently proposed probability distortion index. This index negatively fore- casts future GDP growth, both in-sample and out-of-sample, with stronger and more reliable predictability as the time increases. Our research results suggest that distorted stock prices can lead to significant welfare losses. The second contribution establishes empirical relation- ships of risk and time preferences on academic success. Subjects of our experiment are fourth-semester undergraduate economics students at Leibniz University Hannover. We measure academic success via the points achieved in a business exam in the 4th semester as well as the grade point average of the academic progress so far. Our methodology is based on Tanaka et al. (2010), who use a multiple price list to estimate time preferences and lotteries for the preference parameters of cumulative prospect theory. We find empirical evidence for quasi-hyperbolic discounting and a relationship between higher academic success and lower time discounting. No empirical evidence is observed for a link between risk preferences and academic performance. In the final contribution, we examine contagion effects in credit default risk defined as co-movement in the distances-to-default of U.S. firms, which we estimate from the model of Campbell et al. (2008). We quantify financial, inter-industry, and intra-industry contagion effects based on Fama and French’s 12 sectors and document significant co-movement across sectors during times of crises. We also find that a firm’s size and average share of total sales in each sector are significantly related to intra-industry contagion. Our results are robust to different crisis definitions and index weighting methodologies. Moreover, our results suggest that the probability of default increases in times of crisis due to contagion effects, which may lead to an underestimation of the risk measures of individual loans or portfolios and ultimately of economic capital