在俄罗斯应用促进技术发展模仿战略的机会和挑战

Economic sanctions against the Russian Federation highlighted the problem of technological sovereignty. It is proposed to consider the problem of using simulation strategies to organise the process of equipment import substitution in a timely manner, successful implementation of which was shown by some Asian countries (Japan, China). Studies in other countries prove the effectiveness of using imitation strategies as a reference point for the technological breakthrough for individual companies and the economy as a whole. The purpose of this article is to analyse the experience of developing countries in using imitation strategies for technological development, and to assess the opportunities for the wide application of such strategies in Russia to form technological sovereignty in the current conditions. In this study the author identifies some key factors of the effectiveness of applying the imitation strategies in developing countries, primarily in China. Among these factors are the role of small and medium-sized businesses in technological development and dissemination of knowledge, the development of a system for protecting intellectual property rights, as well as the existence of a technological gap between domestic and foreign firms in the home market. These factors have had a significant impact on the spread of imitation strategies and the subsequent development of China’s own innovation environment. The study demonstrates that small business, the system for protecting intellectual property rights and the competition of foreign high-tech companies will not be able to become the driving force behind the implementation of imitation strategies in the conditions of Russian reality. With this in mind, the article proposes industrial policy measures that will create favourable economic conditions for the successful use of imitation strategies based on the experience of China. The results of this study contribute to the problem of Russia’s technological sovereignty formation in the current sanctions. They also contain proposals for the introduction of economic measures that may influence the effectiveness of import substitution.Введение экономических санкций в отношении Российской Федерации подсветило проблему технологического суверенитета. Для оперативной организации импортозамещения оборудования предлагается рассмотреть вопрос широкого использования имитационных стратегий, успешный опыт применения которых показали некоторые азиатские страны (в частности, Япония, Китай). Зарубежные исследования доказывают эффективность применения стратегий имитации в качестве опорной точки для осуществления технологического прорыва отдельных компаний и экономики в целом. Цель настоящей статьи – проанализировать опыт развивающихся стран по использованию имитационных стратегий для технологического развития, а также оценить возможности широкого применения таких стратегии в России с целью формирования технологического суверенитета в текущих условиях. В ходе исследования автором выявлены некоторые ключевые факторы эффективности применения стратегий имитации в развивающихся странах, в первую очередь Китае. Среди этих факторов отмечаются роль малого и среднего бизнеса в технологическом развитии и распространении знаний, развитие системы защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности, а также наличие технологического разрыва между отечественными и иностранными фирмами, присутствующими на внутреннем рынке. Названные факторы оказали существенное влияние на распространение имитационных стратегий и последующее развитие собственной инновационной среды в Китае. Исследование, проведенное в настоящей статье, демонстрирует, что в условиях российской действительности малый бизнес, система защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности и конкуренция иностранных высокотехнологичных компаний не смогут стать движущей силой внедрения имитационных стратегий. С учетом этого предлагаются разработанные на основе опыта Китая меры промышленной политики, которые позволят сформировать благоприятные экономические условия с целью успешного использования имитационных стратегий. Результаты исследования вносят вклад в проблематику формирования технологического суверенитета России в текущих санкционных условиях, а также содержат предложения по внедрению экономических мер, которые могут оказать влияние на эффективность этого процесса.对俄罗斯联邦实施的经济制裁凸显了技术主权的问题。为了迅速组织设备的进口替代，建议考虑广泛使用模仿战略。一些亚洲国家（如中国、日本）在此类战略方面有成功经验。国际研究证明了模仿战略作为单个企业和整个经济的技术突破的一个基点的有效性。本文章的目标是分析发展中国家在使用模仿战略促进技术发展方面的经验，以及评估这些战略是否可以在俄罗斯广泛使用，以便在当前环境下建立技术主权。作者确定了发展中国家，特别是中国，模仿战略有效性的一些关键因素。这些因素中：中小企业在技术发展和知识传播中的作用、知识产权保护制度发展、以及国内市场上的外国和国内公司之间存在的技术差距。上述因素对模仿战略的扩散和中国自身创新环境的后续发展产生了重大影响。本研究表明，在俄罗斯的现实中，小企业、知识产权制度和外国高科技公司的竞争将无法成为模仿战略发展的推动力。考虑到这一点根据中国的经验，作者提出了一些为成功使用模仿战略创造一个有利的经济环境的产业政策措施。本研究结果有助于解决在当前制裁环境下塑造俄罗斯技术主权的问题，并提供了可对该过程的效率产生影响的经济措施的建议

OPPORTUNITIES AND PROBLEMS OF APPLYING IMITATION STRATEGIES FOR TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA

Economic sanctions against the Russian Federation highlighted the problem of technological sovereignty. It is proposed to consider the problem of using simulation strategies to organise the process of equipment import substitution in a timely manner, successful implementation of which was shown by some Asian countries (Japan, China). Studies in other countries prove the effectiveness of using imitation strategies as a reference point for the technological breakthrough for individual companies and the economy as a whole. The purpose of this article is to analyse the experience of developing countries in using imitation strategies for technological development, and to assess the opportunities for the wide application of such strategies in Russia to form technological sovereignty in the current conditions. In this study the author identifies some key factors of the effectiveness of applying the imitation strategies in developing countries, primarily in China. Among these factors are the role of small and medium-sized businesses in technological development and dissemination of knowledge, the development of a system for protecting intellectual property rights, as well as the existence of a technological gap between domestic and foreign firms in the home market. These factors have had a significant impact on the spread of imitation strategies and the subsequent development of China’s own innovation environment. The study demonstrates that small business, the system for protecting intellectual property rights and the competition of foreign high-tech companies will not be able to become the driving force behind the implementation of imitation strategies in the conditions of Russian reality. With this in mind, the article proposes industrial policy measures that will create favourable economic conditions for the successful use of imitation strategies based on the experience of China. The results of this study contribute to the problem of Russia’s technological sovereignty formation in the current sanctions. They also contain proposals for the introduction of economic measures that may influence the effectiveness of import substitution

МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ АНТИКРИЗИСНОЙ РЕСТРУКТУРИЗАЦИИ ГРАДООБРАЗУЮЩИХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ

A distinguishing feature of town-forming organization is a high socio-economic importance, and therefore very large number of persons, including the government, is interested in its functioning. The economic problems of financial recovery and enterprise restructuring can only be solved at the state level. However, the blind "infusion" of money to any town-forming organizations in a state of crisis is not a solution. The purpose of this work is to considerate the cases of state intervention during the anti-crisis restructuring of town-forming organization and assessment the suitability of such involvement.Отличительным свойством градообразующей организации является высокая социально-экономическая значимость, в связи с чем в ее функционировании заинтересовано очень большое количество лиц, в том числе государство. Экономические задачи финансового оздоровления и реструктуризации градообразующих предприятий могут быть решены лишь на государственном уровне. Однако слепое «вливание» средств в любую градообразующую организацию, находящуюся в кризисном состоянии, не является решением проблемы. Цель данной статьи – рассмотреть случаи необходимости государственного вмешательства в процесс антикризисной реструктуризации градообразующих организаций и оценить приемлемую степень такого вмешательства

On the Preparation of Multimedia Presentations

В статье рассказывается об ошибках и неправильной подаче презентации и информации о своем продукте, что влияет на дальнейшую работу спикеров и их компаний. Авторы рассказывают о двух проблемах современных мультимедийных презентаций и приводит ряд рекомендаций по их созданию и по содержательному наполнению.The article describes the mistakes and improper presentation of their product, which affects the further performance of the speakers and their companies. The authors discuss two problems of modern multimedia presentations and give a number of recommendations on their production and content

Респираторная поддержка при тромбоэмболии легочной артерии (обзор)

Pulmonary artery thromboembolia (PATE) is not a clinical entity as such, but a complication of different diseases and conditions leading to deep thrombosis in the low tension circulation system, right cardiac chambers or causing local thrombosis in the pulmonary artery system. PATE is characterized by complex pathogenesis of respiratory failure of varying severity, which makes it difficult to choose a respiratory support technique.Purpose of the overview: to show advantages of different respiratory support techniques and prospects of high-flux oxygen therapy with regard to PATE pathophysiology.82 sources were selected based on the principle of combining clinical and experimental data from papers published over the recent 5 years and earlier that are still relevant for medical practice.The overview presents the structure of main causes and prevalence of PATE and considers thrombogenesis stages and predominant manifestations of respiratory failure during PATE occurring due to inconsistency between pulmonary ventilation and perfusion. Review discusses five methods of respiratory therapy in PATE patients: low-flux and high-flux oxygen therapy, non-invasive and invasive artificial lung ventilation, extracorporeal blood oxygenation. Finally, the paper shows the efficacy and limitations of these methods.Conclusion. High-flux oxygen therapy seems to be the most effective and promising technique in PATE patients thanks to absence of adverse cardiohemodynamic consequences, subjective comfort for patients, and relation to minimal risks of secondary infectious complications.Nevertheless, the clinical experience accumulated is insufficient to make an absolute choice of one particular technique for respiratory support during PATE. It is necessary to continue investigating the clinical efficacy of high-flux oxygen therapy in the specific population of patients who experienced PATE.Тромбоэмболия легочной артерии (ТЭЛА) — не самостоятельная нозологическая единица, а осложнение различных заболеваний и состояний, приводящих к возникновению глубоких тромбозов в венозной системе, правых камерах сердца, либо вызывающих местный тромбоз в системе легочной артерии. ТЭЛА характеризуется сложностью патогенеза развития дыхательной недостаточности различной степени выраженности, что обуславливает сложность выбора способов респираторной поддержки.Цель обзора. Показать возможности различных методов респираторной поддержки и перспективы применения высокопоточной оксигенотерапии с учетом патофизиологических особенностей ТЭЛА.Отбор 82 источников проводили по принципу сочетания клинических и экспериментальных данных из источников последних 5 лет и более ранних, сохранивших актуальность для медицинской практики.В обзоре представили структуру основных причин и частоту распространения ТЭЛА; рассмотрели этапы тромбогенеза и основные проявления дыхательной недостаточности при ТЭЛА, возникающие при несоответствии вентиляции и перфузии легких; привели 5 методов респираторной терапии у больных с ТЭЛА: низкопоточную и высокопоточную оксигенотерапию, неинвазивную и инвазивную искусственную вентиляцию легких, экстракорпоральную оксигенацию крови; показали эффективность и ограничения этих методов.Заключение. Метод высокопоточной оксигенотерапии представляется наиболее эффективным и перспективным у больных с ТЭЛА в связи с отсутствием негативных кардиогемодинамических последствий, субъективной комфортностью для пациентов, а также ввиду соотношения с минимальными рисками вторичных инфекционных осложнений.Тем не менее, накопленного клинического опыта недостаточно для однозначного выбора того или иного метода респираторной поддержки при ТЭЛА. Необходимо продолжение изучения клинической эффективности высокопоточной оксигенотерапии у специфического контингента больных, перенесших ТЭЛА

Possibilities of Using E-Learning Technologies in the Conditions of the New Coronavirus Infection Pandemic (COVID-19)

Статья посвящена анализу внедрения дистанционного обучения в современном мире, рассмотрены возможности использования LMS Moodle в период пандемии коронавирусной инфекции и представлены достоинства и недостатки дистанционных курсов.The article is devoted to the analysis of the implementation of distance learning in the modern world, the possibilities of using LMS Moodle during the coronavirus pandemic are considered and the advantages and disadvantages of distance courses are presented

EFFECTS OF AMLODIPIN AND METOPROLOL ON AUTONOMIC SYSTEM IN EMOTIONAL AND COLD TESTS IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILE

Aim. To asses effects of amlodipin and metoprolol on autonomic system in emotional and cold tests in hypertensive patients with different psychological profile (PP) Material and methods. 61 patients with arterial hypertension of II grade were observed. Therapy with amlodipin or metoprolol was prescribed and allowed to reach target blood pressure (BP) level in all the patients. Patients were divided into 2 groups: 1-st one – patients with normal PP, 2-nd group – patients with subclinical depression. Patients were examined before and 30 days after therapy. Examination included ambulatory BP monitoring, assessment of autonomic status by variational intervalometry and spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) in cold and emotional tests. Depression and anxiety levels were determined with Bek’s and HADS scales.  Results. Treatment with amlodipin  and metoprolol can result in improvement, worsening or unchanging of PP.  In hypertensive patients with subclinical depression improving their PP resulted in autonomic reaction change: sympathetic activity increases and reaction on stress becomes more adequate. If subclinical depression occurred in hypertensive patients because of amlodipin and metoprolol therapy, sympathetic system stress-reaction decreased and parasympathetic influence increased. Conclusion. The study results show necessity of psychometric examination of hypertensive patients in order to reveal subclinical depression and anxiety

The evolutionary history of 2,658 cancers

Cancer develops through a process of somatic evolution1,2. Sequencing data from a single biopsy represent a snapshot of this process that can reveal the timing of specific genomic aberrations and the changing influence of mutational processes3. Here, by whole-genome sequencing analysis of 2,658 cancers as part of the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)4, we reconstruct the life history and evolution of mutational processes and driver mutation sequences of 38 types of cancer. Early oncogenesis is characterized by mutations in a constrained set of driver genes, and specific copy number gains, such as trisomy 7 in glioblastoma and isochromosome 17q in medulloblastoma. The mutational spectrum changes significantly throughout tumour evolution in 40% of samples. A nearly fourfold diversification of driver genes and increased genomic instability are features of later stages. Copy number alterations often occur in mitotic crises, and lead to simultaneous gains of chromosomal segments. Timing analyses suggest that driver mutations often precede diagnosis by many years, if not decades. Together, these results determine the evolutionary trajectories of cancer, and highlight opportunities for early cancer detection

Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes

Cancer is driven by genetic change, and the advent of massively parallel sequencing has enabled systematic documentation of this variation at the whole-genome scale(1-3). Here we report the integrative analysis of 2,658 whole-cancer genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We describe the generation of the PCAWG resource, facilitated by international data sharing using compute clouds. On average, cancer genomes contained 4-5 driver mutations when combining coding and non-coding genomic elements; however, in around 5% of cases no drivers were identified, suggesting that cancer driver discovery is not yet complete. Chromothripsis, in which many clustered structural variants arise in a single catastrophic event, is frequently an early event in tumour evolution; in acral melanoma, for example, these events precede most somatic point mutations and affect several cancer-associated genes simultaneously. Cancers with abnormal telomere maintenance often originate from tissues with low replicative activity and show several mechanisms of preventing telomere attrition to critical levels. Common and rare germline variants affect patterns of somatic mutation, including point mutations, structural variants and somatic retrotransposition. A collection of papers from the PCAWG Consortium describes non-coding mutations that drive cancer beyond those in the TERT promoter(4); identifies new signatures of mutational processes that cause base substitutions, small insertions and deletions and structural variation(5,6); analyses timings and patterns of tumour evolution(7); describes the diverse transcriptional consequences of somatic mutation on splicing, expression levels, fusion genes and promoter activity(8,9); and evaluates a range of more-specialized features of cancer genomes(8,10-18).Peer reviewe

Inferring structural variant cancer cell fraction

Abstract: We present SVclone, a computational method for inferring the cancer cell fraction of structural variant (SV) breakpoints from whole-genome sequencing data. SVclone accurately determines the variant allele frequencies of both SV breakends, then simultaneously estimates the cancer cell fraction and SV copy number. We assess performance using in silico mixtures of real samples, at known proportions, created from two clonal metastases from the same patient. We find that SVclone’s performance is comparable to single-nucleotide variant-based methods, despite having an order of magnitude fewer data points. As part of the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) consortium, which aggregated whole-genome sequencing data from 2658 cancers across 38 tumour types, we use SVclone to reveal a subset of liver, ovarian and pancreatic cancers with subclonally enriched copy-number neutral rearrangements that show decreased overall survival. SVclone enables improved characterisation of SV intra-tumour heterogeneity