Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]

Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes

Cancer is driven by genetic change, and the advent of massively parallel sequencing has enabled systematic documentation of this variation at the whole-genome scale(1-3). Here we report the integrative analysis of 2,658 whole-cancer genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We describe the generation of the PCAWG resource, facilitated by international data sharing using compute clouds. On average, cancer genomes contained 4-5 driver mutations when combining coding and non-coding genomic elements; however, in around 5% of cases no drivers were identified, suggesting that cancer driver discovery is not yet complete. Chromothripsis, in which many clustered structural variants arise in a single catastrophic event, is frequently an early event in tumour evolution; in acral melanoma, for example, these events precede most somatic point mutations and affect several cancer-associated genes simultaneously. Cancers with abnormal telomere maintenance often originate from tissues with low replicative activity and show several mechanisms of preventing telomere attrition to critical levels. Common and rare germline variants affect patterns of somatic mutation, including point mutations, structural variants and somatic retrotransposition. A collection of papers from the PCAWG Consortium describes non-coding mutations that drive cancer beyond those in the TERT promoter(4); identifies new signatures of mutational processes that cause base substitutions, small insertions and deletions and structural variation(5,6); analyses timings and patterns of tumour evolution(7); describes the diverse transcriptional consequences of somatic mutation on splicing, expression levels, fusion genes and promoter activity(8,9); and evaluates a range of more-specialized features of cancer genomes(8,10-18).Peer reviewe

Regenwater als bron voor drinkwater in Nederland: een haalbare kaart?

Het idee om van regenwater drinkwater te maken wordt door steeds meer mensen omarmd. Is regenwater schoon, hoeveel neerslag valt er eigenlijk, en wat zijn de gevolgen, voor zowel drinkwaterbedrijven als huishoudens van het gebruik van regenwater om er drinkwater van te maken? Uit literatuuronderzoek blijkt dat er via daken minder neerslag kan worden opgevangen dan veel mensen denken, dat er toch wel verontreinigingen in kunnen voorkomen en dat het heel lastig wordt om de veiligheid te garanderen als hier drinkwater uit gemaakt wordt.Sanitary Engineerin

C12/02- and Cl2-based Inductively Coupled Plasma Etching of Photonic Crystals in InP: Sidewall Passivation

We have fabricated two-dimensional photonic crystals in InP-based materials with Clz-based inductively coupled plasma etching. To obtain vertical sidewalls, we employ sidewall passivation through addition of Nz or U2 to the plasma. With the Clz/Oz-process we are able to etch 3.2 pm deep holes that have nearly cylindrical shape in the upper 2 pm. The first optical results illustrate the feasibility of our approach, showing over 30 dB transmission reduction in the rK-stopband

Ontwikkeling en onderzoek ten behoeve van tunnelfundatie door middel van onderstromen

During the preliminary investigations ordered by the Rijkswaterstaat for the crossing of the river Westerscheldt in the southern part of the Netherlands, the sand-flow-system for the foundation of a sunken tunnel was developed. Preformed openings in the bottom of the tunnel elements are connected at predetermined intervals to a central pipeline inside the tunnel, and a mixture of sand/water is then simply forced to flow under the temporarily supported and adjusted elements. In this manner a dense layer of sand is regularly built up underneath the tunnel irrespective of the weather conditions and the depth of the tunnel, without obstruction to shipping. The entire operation can be controlled from a central point in or outside the tunnel; this method is also suitable for the foundation of caissons in harbours or at sea. The article describes the system and the model tests, and gives figures for the upward forces and the quality of the sandlayer

Overdracht en simulatie: Onderzoek naar waarde en betekenis van mediatoepassing bij architektonische simulaties

Onderzoek naar waarde en betekenis van mediatoepassing bij architektonische simulaties.ArchitectureDelft University of Technolog

Produktie van 250 duizend ton propeenoxide per jaar uit ethylbenzeen en propeen met styreen als bijprodukt

DelftChemTechApplied Science

Wet ammonia Synthesis of Semiconducting N:Ta2O5, Ta3N5 and ?-TaON Films for Photoanode Applications

Tantalum oxynitride (?-TaON) is a promising photoanode material for photoelectrochemical water splitting. However, the synthesis of phase-pure ?-TaON films is a challenging task. This paper describes a novel approach to achieve this by the controlled nitridation of Ta2O5 films under a flow of ammonia gas (ammonolysis), which was obtained by bubbling argon through an aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution followed by a 5 Å molecular sieve to remove the water. Depending on the nitridation conditions, either nitrogen-doped Ta2O5 or Ta3N5 was obtained as a thermodynamically stable phase. The evolution of the nitridation process was monitored in-situ using optical transmission spectroscopy, which revealed that the transformation of Ta2O5 to Ta3N5 occurred within minutes, through a series of intermediate oxynitride phases. This suggested the possibility of synthesizing the desired ?-TaON phase by quenching the sample at the right time during the nitridation process. By choosing the right ammonolysis conditions (750 °C, flow rate 50 ml/min.), we were able to slow down the nitridation process and terminate it before the oxide was fully converted to Ta3N5. A post-nitridation heat treatment at 800 °C indeed resulted in the formation of the desired ?-TaON phase.ChemE/Chemical EngineeringApplied Science

Production of propylene carbonate from carbon dioxide and propylene oxide with MgO as a heterogeneous catalyst

DelftChemTechApplied Science