Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes

Cancer is driven by genetic change, and the advent of massively parallel sequencing has enabled systematic documentation of this variation at the whole-genome scale(1-3). Here we report the integrative analysis of 2,658 whole-cancer genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We describe the generation of the PCAWG resource, facilitated by international data sharing using compute clouds. On average, cancer genomes contained 4-5 driver mutations when combining coding and non-coding genomic elements; however, in around 5% of cases no drivers were identified, suggesting that cancer driver discovery is not yet complete. Chromothripsis, in which many clustered structural variants arise in a single catastrophic event, is frequently an early event in tumour evolution; in acral melanoma, for example, these events precede most somatic point mutations and affect several cancer-associated genes simultaneously. Cancers with abnormal telomere maintenance often originate from tissues with low replicative activity and show several mechanisms of preventing telomere attrition to critical levels. Common and rare germline variants affect patterns of somatic mutation, including point mutations, structural variants and somatic retrotransposition. A collection of papers from the PCAWG Consortium describes non-coding mutations that drive cancer beyond those in the TERT promoter(4); identifies new signatures of mutational processes that cause base substitutions, small insertions and deletions and structural variation(5,6); analyses timings and patterns of tumour evolution(7); describes the diverse transcriptional consequences of somatic mutation on splicing, expression levels, fusion genes and promoter activity(8,9); and evaluates a range of more-specialized features of cancer genomes(8,10-18).Peer reviewe

AUTOMATIC OVER SPEED INDICATION AND ACCIDENT PREVENTION OF SMART VEHICLE

In current world two wheelersplays main role of transport or travelling. They are useful but also responsible for some unexpected incident like accident by mistake of drivers. Over Speed is one of the main reasons for increase in the occurrence of accidents nowadays dueto the advanced technology of smartand handheld phones is a crazy gadget of the today'syouth and population density is high hence traffic rules are very strict accident may happen any time any where due to small negligence & over confidence accident happens due to over speeding. Thisconcept is based on prevention of accident by messaging to responsible person & automatic removing side stand when automobile ignition is ON. Manytechniques are being used for over speed monitoring. Theobject of this project is to detect the speed of the vehicle, if the speed of any vehicle exceeds the speed limit, itwill send the message to parents or register number using GSM. Similarly,if vehicleuser is busy in attaining phone & start ignition forgetting to remove side stand at turning point accident may happen so by giving signal to Arduino will provide mechanism to remove side stand automatically. Thisproject designed with Arduinoby interfacing GSM,servomotor,IR sensor for speed measurement detection

Automatic Over Speed Indication and Accident Prevention of Smart Vehicle

In current world two wheelersplays main role of transport or travelling. They are useful but also responsible for some unexpected incident like accident by mistake of drivers. Over Speed is one of the main reasons for increase in the occurrence of accidents nowadays dueto the advanced technology of smartand handheld phones is a crazy gadget of the today'syouth and population density is high hence traffic rules are very strict accident may happen any time any where due to small negligence & over confidence accident happens due to over speeding. Thisconcept is based on prevention of accident by messaging to responsible person & automatic removing side stand when automobile ignition is ON. Manytechniques are being used for over speed monitoring. Theobject of this project is to detect the speed of the vehicle, if the speed of any vehicle exceeds the speed limit, itwill send the message to parents or register number using GSM. Similarly,if vehicleuser is busy in attaining phone & start ignition forgetting to remove side stand at turning point accident may happen so by giving signal to Arduino will provide mechanism to remove side stand automatically. Thisproject designed with Arduinoby interfacing GSM,servomotor,IR sensor for speed measurement detection