Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Concave or Convex Shell Structures with Shell Elements at Micrometer Resolution in SU-8

This chapter presents a photo-lithographically-based technology for mass production of three-dimensional (3D) micro-structures with shell elements. In this technology, shell elements are photo-lithographically fabricated at micron or sub-micron resolution by illuminating with ultraviolet light radiating an ultraviolet light beam onto UV-opaque SU-8 monomer. The technology does not require any steps involving micro-injection molding or micro-stereolithography. Several prototypes have been fabricated to demonstrate the feasibility of this technology

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

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Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes

Cancer is driven by genetic change, and the advent of massively parallel sequencing has enabled systematic documentation of this variation at the whole-genome scale(1-3). Here we report the integrative analysis of 2,658 whole-cancer genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We describe the generation of the PCAWG resource, facilitated by international data sharing using compute clouds. On average, cancer genomes contained 4-5 driver mutations when combining coding and non-coding genomic elements; however, in around 5% of cases no drivers were identified, suggesting that cancer driver discovery is not yet complete. Chromothripsis, in which many clustered structural variants arise in a single catastrophic event, is frequently an early event in tumour evolution; in acral melanoma, for example, these events precede most somatic point mutations and affect several cancer-associated genes simultaneously. Cancers with abnormal telomere maintenance often originate from tissues with low replicative activity and show several mechanisms of preventing telomere attrition to critical levels. Common and rare germline variants affect patterns of somatic mutation, including point mutations, structural variants and somatic retrotransposition. A collection of papers from the PCAWG Consortium describes non-coding mutations that drive cancer beyond those in the TERT promoter(4); identifies new signatures of mutational processes that cause base substitutions, small insertions and deletions and structural variation(5,6); analyses timings and patterns of tumour evolution(7); describes the diverse transcriptional consequences of somatic mutation on splicing, expression levels, fusion genes and promoter activity(8,9); and evaluates a range of more-specialized features of cancer genomes(8,10-18).Peer reviewe

Bandwidth and Gain Enhancement of Endfire Radiating Open-Ended Waveguide Using Thin Surface Plasmon Structure

This paper proposes a technique to enhance the bandwidth and gain of an endfire radiating open-ended waveguide using a thin slow-wave surface plasmon structure. Mounted in the E-plane of the stated waveguide, a thin corrugated slow-wave structure has been used in conjunction with a waveguide transition to generate an endfire electromagnetic beam. An efficient mode conversion from waveguide transition to the corrugate plate resulted in the improved performance of the design. An impedance bandwidth from 8 GHz to 18 GHz has been achieved along with a gain enhancement from 7 dBi to 14.8 dBi using the proposed hybrid design. Endfire radiations have been obtained with a beam width of less than 25° through the proposed hybrid design with an efficiency of about 96 percent

High selectivity wideband BPF with very wide stopband characteristic

This paper describes the design and evaluation of a highly selective wideband microstrip bandpass filter with a near brick-shaped transmission response and a very wide stopband characteristic. The proposed filter structure excites multimode resonances that combine to realize a wideband filter response and excited too are transmission zeros that create a highly selective filter with wideband suppression in the upper and lower stopbands. The filter configuration comprises electromagnetically coupled resonators that are stub loaded. The input and output feedlines are interdigitally coupled to the resonators. Measured results confirm the low-loss and via-free wideband filter exhibits an elliptical response with a wide stopband with a rejection greater than 30 dB. The selectivity factor and stopband performance of the proposed filter is better than that obtained with the high-temperature superconductor (HTS) filters. Design of the filter is relatively simple and easy to manufacture using standard PCB technology. There is good correlation between the simulation and measured results. The proposed wideband bandpass filter is suitable for applications in high interference environments and cognitive radio systems

Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Using a Curved Goubau Line

Non-invasive blood glucose monitoring at microwave frequencies is generally thought to be unreliable in terms of reproducibility of measurements. The failure to reproduce a blood glucose measurement from one experiment to another is in major part due to the unwanted interaction of leaky waves between the ambient environment and the blood glucose measuring device. In this work, we have overcome this problem by simply eliminating the leaky modes through the use of surface electromagnetic waves from a curved Goubau line. In the proposed methodology, a fixed volume of blood-filled skin tissue was first formed by vacuum suction and partially wound with a curved Goubau line which was coated with a 3 mm thick layer of gelatin/glycerin composite. Blood glucose levels were non-invasively determined using a network analyzer. At 4.5 GHz, a near-linear correlation exists between the measured S12 parameters and the blood glucose levels. The measured correlation was highly reproducible and consistent with the measurements obtained using the conventional invasive lancing approach. The findings of this work suggest the feasibility of non-invasive detection of left and right imbalances in the body