Evidence for Non-Transmission of Rice Yellow Mottle Virus (RYMV) through Rice Seed

An indexing of the organs (radicle and plumule) and components (husk, endosperm and embryo) of rice seeds using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was carried out to detect Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) and establish the exact location of the virus in the rice seed. RYMV was detected only in the husk (seed coat) but not in the endosperm, plumule, radicle, nor embryo. None of the seedlings raised from the seeds expressed RYMV symptoms. No virus particle was detected by the ELISA test in the leaves of the screenhouse-reared plants obtained from seeds of infected plants. The results indicate that RYMV is apparently not transmitted through rice seed probably because the virus is seed-borne in the husk (seed coat) of mature rice seeds

Nanosized rods agglomerates as a new approach for formulation of a dry powder inhaler

HF Salem1 ME Abdelrahim2 K Abo Eid3 MA Sharaf3,41Department of Pharmaceutics, 2Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Beni Suef, Beni Suef; 3Department of Chemistry, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Helwan, Egypt; 4Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Helwan 11835, EgyptBackground: Nanosized dry powder inhalers provide higher stability for poorly water-soluble drugs as compared with liquid formulations. However, the respirable particles must have a diameter of 1–5 µm in order to deposit in the lungs. Controlled agglomeration of the nanoparticles increases their geometric particle size so they can deposit easily in the lungs. In the lungs, they fall apart to reform nanoparticles, thus enhancing the dissolution rate of the drugs. Theophylline is a bronchodilator with poor solubility in water.Methods: Nanosized theophylline colloids were formed using an amphiphilic surfactant and destabilized using dilute sodium chloride solutions to form the agglomerates.Results: The theophylline nanoparticles thus obtained had an average particle size of 290 nm and a zeta potential of −39.5 mV, whereas the agglomerates were 2.47 µm in size with a zeta potential of −28.9 mV. The release profile was found to follow first-order kinetics (r2 > 0.96). The aerodynamic characteristics of the agglomerated nanoparticles were determined using a cascade impactor. The behavior of the agglomerate was significantly better than unprocessed raw theophylline powder. In addition, the nanoparticles and agglomerates resulted in a significant improvement in the dissolution of theophylline.Conclusion: The results obtained lend support to the hypothesis that controlled agglomeration strategies provide an efficient approach for the delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs into the lungs.Keywords: theophylline, nanoparticles, agglomerates, dry powder inhale

Effect of Hall current on MHD mixed convection boundary layer flow over a stretched vertical flat plate

In this paper, the steady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) mixed convection boundary layer flow of an incompressible, viscous and electrically conducting fluid over a stretching vertical flat plate is theoretically investigated with Hall effects taken into account. The governing equations are solved numerically using an implicit finite-difference scheme known as the Keller-box method. The effects of the magnetic parameter, the Hall parameter and the buoyancy parameter on the velocity profiles, the cross flow velocity profiles and the temperature profiles are presented graphically and discussed. Investigated results indicate that the Hall effect on the temperature is small, and the magnetic field and Hall currents produce opposite effects on the shear stress and the heat transfer at the stretching surface

Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes

Cancer is driven by genetic change, and the advent of massively parallel sequencing has enabled systematic documentation of this variation at the whole-genome scale(1-3). Here we report the integrative analysis of 2,658 whole-cancer genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We describe the generation of the PCAWG resource, facilitated by international data sharing using compute clouds. On average, cancer genomes contained 4-5 driver mutations when combining coding and non-coding genomic elements; however, in around 5% of cases no drivers were identified, suggesting that cancer driver discovery is not yet complete. Chromothripsis, in which many clustered structural variants arise in a single catastrophic event, is frequently an early event in tumour evolution; in acral melanoma, for example, these events precede most somatic point mutations and affect several cancer-associated genes simultaneously. Cancers with abnormal telomere maintenance often originate from tissues with low replicative activity and show several mechanisms of preventing telomere attrition to critical levels. Common and rare germline variants affect patterns of somatic mutation, including point mutations, structural variants and somatic retrotransposition. A collection of papers from the PCAWG Consortium describes non-coding mutations that drive cancer beyond those in the TERT promoter(4); identifies new signatures of mutational processes that cause base substitutions, small insertions and deletions and structural variation(5,6); analyses timings and patterns of tumour evolution(7); describes the diverse transcriptional consequences of somatic mutation on splicing, expression levels, fusion genes and promoter activity(8,9); and evaluates a range of more-specialized features of cancer genomes(8,10-18).Peer reviewe

Retention And Transmission Of Rice yellow mottle

The investigation to determine the ability of some rice beetles to transmit Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV), genus sobemovirus, was carried out in the screen house in Côte d\'Ivoire. In the study visual assessment based on Standard Evaluation System (SES) for rice and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test of rice leaves from plants, which the viruliferous insects were placed to feed and transmit the virus, were used to detect infection. The Chrysomelidae (Trichispa sericea Guerin, Chaetocnema pulla Chapius) and a phytophagus Coccinelid (Chnootriba similis Thunberg/Epilachna similis Mulsant) transmitted RYMV in the screen house test. T. sericea and C. similis transmitted it in a semi-persistent manner, while C. pulla transmitted it in a persistent manner. C. similis that is phytophagous is reported in this study for the first time as a vector of RYMV.Une étude a été menée dans un insectarium en Côte d\'Ivoire en vue de déterminer la capacité de certains coléoptéres du riz à transmettre la panachure jaune du riz (RYMV). Pendant l\'étude, l\'évaluation visuelle basée sur le système d\'évaluation standard (SES) du riz et le test ELISA des feuilles des plants de riz sur lesquelles les pucerons virulifères avaient été placés pour se nourrir et transmettre le virus, ont été utilisés pour détecter l\'infection. La chrysomèle (Trichispa sericea Guerin, Chaetocnema pulla (Chapius) et une coccinelle phytophage (Chnootriba similis Thunberg/Epilachana similis Mulsant) ont transmis la panachure (RYMV) dans le test de l\'insectarium. T. sericea et C. similis l\'ont transmise de manière semi-persistante. l\'a transmise. C. similis qui est phytophage est rapporté pour la première fois dans cette étude comme vecteur du virus de la panachure jaune du riz (RYMV). Keywords: rice, yellow mottle, transmission, beetle, Côte d\'Ivoire; riz, panachure jaune, transmission, coléoptère, Côte d'Ivoire. Agronomie Africaine Vol. 16 (1) 2004: pp. 71-7