Simultaneous Laser-Induced Fluorescence And Contactless-Conductivity Detection For Microfluidic Chip

A combined detection system involving simultaneous LIF and contactless-conductometric measurements at the same place of the microfluidic chip was described. The LIF measurement was designed according to the confocal principle and a moveable contactless-conductivity detector was used in (CD)-D-4. Both measurements were mutually independent and advantageous in analyses of mixtures. Various experimental parameters affecting the response were examined and optimized. The performances were demonstrated by simultaneous detection of Rhodamine B. And the results showed that the combined detection system could be used sensitively and reliably. (C) 2008 Yong Yu. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved

Theoretical and experimental studies of the bell-jar-top inductively coupled plasma

The present paper describes a systematic study of argon plasmas in a bell-jar inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source over the range of pressure 5-20 mtorr and power input 0.2-0.5 kW, Experimental measurements as well as results of numerical simulations are presented. The models used in the study include the well-known global balance model (or the global model) as well as a detailed two-dimensional (2-D) fluid model of the system, The global model is able to provide reasonably accurate values for the global electron temperature and plasma density, The 2-D model provides spatial distributions of various plasma parameters that make it possible to compare with data measured in the experiments, The experimental measurements were obtained using a tuned Langmuir double-probe technique to reduce the RF interference and obtain the light versus current (I-V) characteristics of the probe. Time-averaged electron temperature and plasma density were measured for various combinations of pressure and applied RF power, The predictions of the 2-D model were found to be in good qualitative agreement with measured data, It was found that the electron temperature distribution T-e was more or less uniform in the chamber, It was also seen that the electron temperature depends primarily on pressure, but is almost independent of the power input, except in the very low-pressure regime. The plasma density goes up almost linearly with the power input

Designing ultrafine lamellar eutectic structure in bimodal titanium alloys by semi-solid sintering

We report on a novel approach to design typical ultrafine lamellar eutectic structure in bimodal alloys fabricated by semi-solid sintering (SSS) of a eutectic mixture. In our work ultrafine lamellar eutectic structure was implemented by controlling the phase composition of eutectic reaction and consequently by regulating the structure of eutectic reaction-induced liquid phase through varying component number. Microstructure analysis indicate that although all SSSed alloys have the same three phase constitutions of bcc beta-Ti(Fe Co) and fcc Ti-2(Co Fe) the morphology and distribution of the eutectic structure transforms from limited length and minor quantity to partial fine alternating bcc beta-Ti and bcc Ti(Fe Co) lamellae and further to typical complete ultrafine alternating continuous lamellae in the SSSed ternary Ti-Fe-Co quaternary Ti-Fe-Co-Nb and quinary Ti-Fe-Co-Nb-Al alloys. Interestingly the SSSed Ti-Fe-Co-Nb-Al alloy presents a novel bimodal microstructure of coarse fcc Ti-2(Co Fe) surrounded by an ultrafine lamellar eutectic matrix containing ultrafine bcc beta-Ti and bcc Ti(Fe Co) lamellae. This bimodal microstructure exhibits ultra-high yield strength of 2050 MPa with plasticity in compression of 19.7% which exceed published values of equivalent materials. Our results provide a novel pathway for fabricating new-structure metallic alloys for high-performance structural applications. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p

Plasticity performance of Al0.5CoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloys under nanoindentation

The statistical and dynamic behaviors of the displacement-load curves of a high-entropy alloy Al0.3CoCrCuFeNi were analyzed for the nanoindentation performed at two temperatures. Critical behavior of serrations at room temperature and chaotic flows at 200 degrees C were detected. These results are attributed to the interaction among a large number of slip hands. For the nanoindentation at room temperature recurrent partial events between slip hands introduce a hierarchy of length scales leading to a critical state. For the nanoindentation at 200 degrees C there is no spatial interference between two slip hands which is corresponding to the evolution of separated trajectory of chaotic behavior

Constructing a new integrated genetic linkage map and mapping quantitative trait loci for vegetative mycelium growth rate in Lentinula edodes

The most saturated linkage map for Lentinula edodes to date was constructed based on a mono-. karyotic population of 146 single spore isolates (SSIs) using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP), target region amplification polymorphism (TRAP), insertion deletion (InDel) markers, and the mating-type loci. Five hundred and twenty-four markers were located on 13 linkage groups (LGs). The map spanned a total length of 1006.1 cM, with an average marker spacing of 2.0 cM. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping was utilized to uncover the loci regulating and controlling the vegetative mycelium growth rate on various synthetic media, and complex medium for commercial cultivation of L. edodes. Two and 13 putative QTLs, identified respectively in the monokaryotic population and two testcross dikaryotic populations, were mapped on seven different LGs. Several vegetative mycelium growth rate-related QTLs uncovered here were clustered on LG4 (Qmgr1, Qdgr1, Qdgr2 and Qdgr9) and LG6 (Qdgr3, Qdgr4 and Qdgr5), implying the presence of main genomic areas responsible for growth rate regulation and control. The QTL hotspot region on LG4 was found to be in close proximity to:the region containing the mating-type A (MAT-A) locus. Moreover, Qdgr2 on LG4 was detected on different media, contributing 8.07%-23.71% of the phenotypic variation. The present study provides essential information for QTL mapping and marker-assisted selection (MAS) in L. edodes. (C) 2014 The British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.The most saturated linkage map for Lentinula edodes to date was constructed based on a mono-. karyotic population of 146 single spore isolates (SSIs) using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP), target region amplification polymorphism (TRAP), insertion deletion (InDel) markers, and the mating-type loci. Five hundred and twenty-four markers were located on 13 linkage groups (LGs). The map spanned a total length of 1006.1 cM, with an average marker spacing of 2.0 cM. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping was utilized to uncover the loci regulating and controlling the vegetative mycelium growth rate on various synthetic media, and complex medium for commercial cultivation of L. edodes. Two and 13 putative QTLs, identified respectively in the monokaryotic population and two testcross dikaryotic populations, were mapped on seven different LGs. Several vegetative mycelium growth rate-related QTLs uncovered here were clustered on LG4 (Qmgr1, Qdgr1, Qdgr2 and Qdgr9) and LG6 (Qdgr3, Qdgr4 and Qdgr5), implying the presence of main genomic areas responsible for growth rate regulation and control. The QTL hotspot region on LG4 was found to be in close proximity to:the region containing the mating-type A (MAT-A) locus. Moreover, Qdgr2 on LG4 was detected on different media, contributing 8.07%-23.71% of the phenotypic variation. The present study provides essential information for QTL mapping and marker-assisted selection (MAS) in L. edodes. (C) 2014 The British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF WMA WITH LEADCAP ADDITIVES

ABSTRACT This paper presents the laboratory test and analysis results from a reference hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixture and warm mix asphalt (WMA) mixtures modified by two different LEADCAP additives (KW3 and KW6) of a wax type. The performance characteristics investigated in this study include rutting, fatigue cracking, and moisture susceptibility. Rutting performance is evaluated by the triaxial repeated load permanent deformation (TRLPD) test and the asphalt pavement analyzer (APA) test. Fatigue performance of the mixtures with and without moisture conditioning is evaluated using the direct tension cyclic test following the simplified viscoelastic continuum damage (S-VECD) protocol. The resulting damage characteristics and dynamic modulus are used in the layered viscoelastic analysis program to assess the fatigue performance and the moisture susceptibility of these mixtures in pavement structures with different asphalt layer thicknesses. Both the TRLPD and APA test results show that the KW3 and KW6 mixtures exhibit more resistance to rutting than the HMA mixture. In particular, the rutting resistance of the KW3 mixture is superior to that of the HMA and KW6 mixtures. In addition, the HMA and KW6 mixtures exhibit approximately the same favorable characteristics of fatigue resistance, whereas the KW3 mixture&apos;s fatigue performance is worse than that of the HMA and KW6 mixtures. However, the moisture susceptibility results indicate that the KW6 mixture is more susceptible to moisture damage than the HMA mixture in terms of fatigue resistance. This increased moisture susceptibility in the KW6 mixture is currently being addressed by modifying the KW6 additive. This study demonstrates the importance of the comprehensive performance testing of mixtures for the development and optimal design of a WMA additive

PARAMETRIZATION OF HIGH-SPEED TRAIN STREAMLINE SHAPE

In the past decade, the high speed trains (HSTs) in China have experienced a booming development, with the design of CRH380A as a predominant example. A series of brand new HSTs have been developed with high aerodynamic performance, which includes the running resistance, the lift of the trailing car, pressure waves when trains pass by each other, aerodynamic noise in the far field, etc. In order to design HSTs with better aerodynamic performance, it is necessary to perform aerodynamic shape optimization, especially to optimize the streamline shape of HSTs. Parametrization is the basis for the whole optimization process, since good parametrization approach not only affects the optimization strategy, but also determines the design space and optimization efficiency. In the present paper, a series of work related to the streamline shape parametrization performed by the author in recent years have been introduced. Four different parametrization approaches have been exhibited, which are Local Shape Function method (LSF) and Free-Foam Deformation method (FFD), Modified Vehicle Modeling Function method (MVMF), Class function/Shape function Transformation method (CST). These methods could be categorized into two kinds: shape disturbance approach (LSF and FFD) and shape description approach (MVMF and CST). Among these four methods, some are developed by the authors while some are locally modified so as to meet the parametrization of the streamline shape. The detailed process of these four approaches are exhibited in the present paper and the characteristics of these four approaches are compared.</p

A moving-coil designed micro-mechanics tester with application on MEMS

A moving-coil designed micro-mechanics tester, named as MicroUTM (universal testing machine), is in-house developed in this paper for micro-mechanics tests. The main component is a moving coil suspended in a uniform magnetic field through a set of springs. When a current passes through the coil, the electromagnetic force is proportional to the magnitude of the current, so the load can easily be measured by the current. The displacement is measured using a capacitive sensor. The load is calibrated using a Sartorius BP211D analytical balance, with a resolution/range of 0.01 mg/80 g or 0.1 mg/210 g. The displacement is calibrated using a HEIDENHAIN CT-6002 length gauge with an accuracy of +/- 0.1 mu m. The calibration results show that the load range is +/- 1 N and the displacement range is +/- 300 mu m. The noise levels of the load and displacement are 50 mu N and 150 nm, respectively. The nonlinearity of the load is only 0.2%. Several in-plane load tests of the MEMS micro-cantilever are performed using this tester. Experimental results, with excellent repeatability, demonstrate the reliability of the load measurement as well as the flexible function of this tester

Back stress strengthening and strain hardening in gradient structure

We report significant back stress strengthening and strain hardening in gradient structured (GS) interstitial-free (IF) steel. Back stress is long-range stress caused by the pileup of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs). A simple equation and a procedure are developed to calculate back stress basing on its formation physics from the tensile unloading-reloading hysteresis loop. The gradient structure has mechanical incompatibility due to its grain size gradient. This induces strain gradient, which needs to be accommodated by GNDs. Back stress not only raises the yield strength but also significantly enhances strain hardening to increase the ductility. [GRAPHICS]

Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes

Cancer is driven by genetic change, and the advent of massively parallel sequencing has enabled systematic documentation of this variation at the whole-genome scale(1-3). Here we report the integrative analysis of 2,658 whole-cancer genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We describe the generation of the PCAWG resource, facilitated by international data sharing using compute clouds. On average, cancer genomes contained 4-5 driver mutations when combining coding and non-coding genomic elements; however, in around 5% of cases no drivers were identified, suggesting that cancer driver discovery is not yet complete. Chromothripsis, in which many clustered structural variants arise in a single catastrophic event, is frequently an early event in tumour evolution; in acral melanoma, for example, these events precede most somatic point mutations and affect several cancer-associated genes simultaneously. Cancers with abnormal telomere maintenance often originate from tissues with low replicative activity and show several mechanisms of preventing telomere attrition to critical levels. Common and rare germline variants affect patterns of somatic mutation, including point mutations, structural variants and somatic retrotransposition. A collection of papers from the PCAWG Consortium describes non-coding mutations that drive cancer beyond those in the TERT promoter(4); identifies new signatures of mutational processes that cause base substitutions, small insertions and deletions and structural variation(5,6); analyses timings and patterns of tumour evolution(7); describes the diverse transcriptional consequences of somatic mutation on splicing, expression levels, fusion genes and promoter activity(8,9); and evaluates a range of more-specialized features of cancer genomes(8,10-18).Peer reviewe