Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes

Cancer is driven by genetic change, and the advent of massively parallel sequencing has enabled systematic documentation of this variation at the whole-genome scale(1-3). Here we report the integrative analysis of 2,658 whole-cancer genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We describe the generation of the PCAWG resource, facilitated by international data sharing using compute clouds. On average, cancer genomes contained 4-5 driver mutations when combining coding and non-coding genomic elements; however, in around 5% of cases no drivers were identified, suggesting that cancer driver discovery is not yet complete. Chromothripsis, in which many clustered structural variants arise in a single catastrophic event, is frequently an early event in tumour evolution; in acral melanoma, for example, these events precede most somatic point mutations and affect several cancer-associated genes simultaneously. Cancers with abnormal telomere maintenance often originate from tissues with low replicative activity and show several mechanisms of preventing telomere attrition to critical levels. Common and rare germline variants affect patterns of somatic mutation, including point mutations, structural variants and somatic retrotransposition. A collection of papers from the PCAWG Consortium describes non-coding mutations that drive cancer beyond those in the TERT promoter(4); identifies new signatures of mutational processes that cause base substitutions, small insertions and deletions and structural variation(5,6); analyses timings and patterns of tumour evolution(7); describes the diverse transcriptional consequences of somatic mutation on splicing, expression levels, fusion genes and promoter activity(8,9); and evaluates a range of more-specialized features of cancer genomes(8,10-18).Peer reviewe

IMPROVED ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF ESSENTIAL OIL IN DRUG OINTMENT THROUGH RAPID STATIC CHROMATOGRAPHY HEADSPACE FOR QUALITY CONTROL ANALYSIS

Objective: The objective for new methodology was to develop a rapid analytical method for drug quantification in ointment samples and eliminate the usage of hazardous solvents in the sample and standard preparation, less elution time of component of interest to sustained green chemistry applications.Methods: Headspace (HS) chromatography was used along with gas chromatography (GC) having direct sample treatment with the help of calibration slope method.Results: All essential oil (EO) was well separated from each other and eluted 1.6 times faster from traditional classical GC method. The present method does not require any hazardous solvents for sample preparation. Conclusion: This method provides the accurate and precise results for EO added in ointment samples and can be used for routine quality control testing before releasing the final product release for the consumers