Ultrasonic Influence on the Characteristics of the Interface of the SDS of CdTe/СTO Structures

The effect of ultrasonic treatment on the generation characteristics of the interface between the PDP of CdTe/STO structures obtained by magnetron ion sputtering has been studied

Methods for Producing High-Temperature Superconductors

This paper presents technologies for obtaining high-temperature superconducting materials

Mathematical modeling of ethylene oxidative acetylation process

In the article, the kinetic laws, kinetics, and mechanism of the oxidative acetylation reaction of ethylene in the vapor phase were studied in detail in the 0.4%Rd+4%Cu+7%CH3 COOK/YuKTs catalyst. As a result of the research, the following optimal conditions for the reaction were selected: in the middle zone of the reactor at a temperature of 165°C, a volume velocity of 2000 h-1, a pressure of 4 atm, a ratio of ethylene to acetic acid of 4:1 and an oxygen content of 7% by volume. Under these optimal conditions, the activation energies of the reactions of vinyl acetate formation and ethylene oxidation are respectively equal to: Ea(VA) = 8.17 kcal/(mol∙K) and Ea(SO2) = 19.61 kcal/(mol∙ K). It was found that the rate of oxidation of ethylene is higher than the rate of formation of vinyl acetate when the temperature exceeds 220°C. The reaction mechanism of vinylacetate formation from ethylene and acetic acid in the presence of a palladium catalyst was proposed

Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes

Cancer is driven by genetic change, and the advent of massively parallel sequencing has enabled systematic documentation of this variation at the whole-genome scale(1-3). Here we report the integrative analysis of 2,658 whole-cancer genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We describe the generation of the PCAWG resource, facilitated by international data sharing using compute clouds. On average, cancer genomes contained 4-5 driver mutations when combining coding and non-coding genomic elements; however, in around 5% of cases no drivers were identified, suggesting that cancer driver discovery is not yet complete. Chromothripsis, in which many clustered structural variants arise in a single catastrophic event, is frequently an early event in tumour evolution; in acral melanoma, for example, these events precede most somatic point mutations and affect several cancer-associated genes simultaneously. Cancers with abnormal telomere maintenance often originate from tissues with low replicative activity and show several mechanisms of preventing telomere attrition to critical levels. Common and rare germline variants affect patterns of somatic mutation, including point mutations, structural variants and somatic retrotransposition. A collection of papers from the PCAWG Consortium describes non-coding mutations that drive cancer beyond those in the TERT promoter(4); identifies new signatures of mutational processes that cause base substitutions, small insertions and deletions and structural variation(5,6); analyses timings and patterns of tumour evolution(7); describes the diverse transcriptional consequences of somatic mutation on splicing, expression levels, fusion genes and promoter activity(8,9); and evaluates a range of more-specialized features of cancer genomes(8,10-18).Peer reviewe

Comprehensive analysis of chromothripsis in 2,658 human cancers using whole-genome sequencing

Chromothripsis is a mutational phenomenon characterized by massive, clustered genomic rearrangements that occurs in cancer and other diseases. Recent studies in selected cancer types have suggested that chromothripsis may be more common than initially inferred from low-resolution copy-number data. Here, as part of the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we analyze patterns of chromothripsis across 2,658 tumors from 38 cancer types using whole-genome sequencing data. We find that chromothripsis events are pervasive across cancers, with a frequency of more than 50% in several cancer types. Whereas canonical chromothripsis profiles display oscillations between two copy-number states, a considerable fraction of events involve multiple chromosomes and additional structural alterations. In addition to non-homologous end joining, we detect signatures of replication-associated processes and templated insertions. Chromothripsis contributes to oncogene amplification and to inactivation of genes such as mismatch-repair-related genes. These findings show that chromothripsis is a major process that drives genome evolution in human cancer

Retrospective evaluation of whole exome and genome mutation calls in 746 cancer samples

Funder: NCI U24CA211006Abstract: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) curated consensus somatic mutation calls using whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), respectively. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, which aggregated whole genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumour types, we compare WES and WGS side-by-side from 746 TCGA samples, finding that ~80% of mutations overlap in covered exonic regions. We estimate that low variant allele fraction (VAF < 15%) and clonal heterogeneity contribute up to 68% of private WGS mutations and 71% of private WES mutations. We observe that ~30% of private WGS mutations trace to mutations identified by a single variant caller in WES consensus efforts. WGS captures both ~50% more variation in exonic regions and un-observed mutations in loci with variable GC-content. Together, our analysis highlights technological divergences between two reproducible somatic variant detection efforts

Calculated studies of the vibrational properties of the mode parameter of the electric power system containing asynchronous turbogenerators by their frequency characteristics

The article presents the results of a study of the oscillatory properties of the operating parameter of electric power systems during joint operation of synchronous and asynchronous turbine generators at the station and the influence of the proportional ratios of their powers on the oscillatory properties based on their amplitudefrequency characteristics