Aplicación de la teoría de áreas sociales a la creación de tipologías de consumidores urbanos mediante Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG).

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar la aplicación novedosa de la teoría de las áreas sociales a la creación de tipologías de consumidores urbanos utilizando Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG), de manera que se contribuya a la toma de decisiones oportunas y eficaces en el entorno de marketing. Para ello, en el marco teórico se presenta el problema de la diferenciación residencial, su origen y el alcance de su significado junto con la teoría de las áreas sociales, que propone claves para el estudio de este fenómeno. Tras la exposición de la metodología, se expone el caso empírico donde se detallan cada una de las variables que intervienen en el análisis y en la creación de las tipologías, de manera que cada una de las variables presentadas proporcionará información al profesional de marketing para construir un perfil de consumo según dichas características. El SIG hará factible la interpretación ágil y eficaz de los resultados al presentar de forma gráfica e inteligible los resultados, mejorando las tomas de decisiones de marketing.The objetive of this paper is to present a new application of social area theory for the creation of urban consumers typologies using Geographical Information Systems (SIG), so that help marketing decission makers. For this, Residential Differentiation phenomeno is presented, its origen, its meaning and the theorical framework of social area theory After the methodology, a case is shown with each variable and the process of creation of typologies based in Social Area theory. The variables used to form clusters give the decissor information about the consumer profile. The SIG makes possible the comprehension of result, as it is a grafic support and a valuable tool for analisys and improvement of marketing decisions

Descent toward the icehouse: Eocene sea surface cooling inferred from GDGT distributions

The TEX86 proxy, based on the distribution of marine isoprenoidal glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids (GDGTs), is increasingly used to reconstruct sea surface temperature (SST) during the Eocene epoch (56.0–33.9 Ma). Here we compile published TEX86 records, critically reevaluate them in light of new understandings in TEX86 palaeothermometry, and supplement them with new data in order to evaluate long-term temperature trends in the Eocene. We investigate the effect of archaea other than marine Thaumarchaeota upon TEX86 values using the branched-to-isoprenoid tetraether index (BIT), the abundance of GDGT-0 relative to crenarchaeol (%GDGT-0), and the Methane Index (MI). We also introduce a new ratio, % GDGTRS, which may help identify Red Sea-type GDGT distributions in the geological record. Using the offset between TEX86H and TEX86L(ΔH-L) and the ratio between GDGT-2 and GDGT-3 ([2]/[3]), we evaluate different TEX86 calibrations and present the first integrated SST compilation for the Eocene (55 to 34 Ma). Although the available data are still sparse some geographic trends can now be resolved. In the high latitudes (>55°), there was substantial cooling during the Eocene (~6°C). Our compiled record also indicates tropical cooling of ~2.5°C during the same interval. Using an ensemble of climate model simulations that span the Eocene, our results indicate that only a small percentage (~10%) of the reconstructed temperature change can be ascribed to ocean gateway reorganization or paleogeographic change. Collectively, this indicates that atmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO2) was the likely driver of surface water cooling during the descent toward the icehouse

Multiple novel prostate cancer susceptibility signals identified by fine-mapping of known risk loci among Europeans

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous common prostate cancer (PrCa) susceptibility loci. We have fine-mapped 64 GWAS regions known at the conclusion of the iCOGS study using large-scale genotyping and imputation in 25 723 PrCa cases and 26 274 controls of European ancestry. We detected evidence for multiple independent signals at 16 regions, 12 of which contained additional newly identified significant associations. A single signal comprising a spectrum of correlated variation was observed at 39 regions; 35 of which are now described by a novel more significantly associated lead SNP, while the originally reported variant remained as the lead SNP only in 4 regions. We also confirmed two association signals in Europeans that had been previously reported only in East-Asian GWAS. Based on statistical evidence and linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure, we have curated and narrowed down the list of the most likely candidate causal variants for each region. Functional annotation using data from ENCODE filtered for PrCa cell lines and eQTL analysis demonstrated significant enrichment for overlap with bio-features within this set. By incorporating the novel risk variants identified here alongside the refined data for existing association signals, we estimate that these loci now explain ∼38.9% of the familial relative risk of PrCa, an 8.9% improvement over the previously reported GWAS tag SNPs. This suggests that a significant fraction of the heritability of PrCa may have been hidden during the discovery phase of GWAS, in particular due to the presence of multiple independent signals within the same regio