Variations in judgments of intentional action and moral evaluation across eight cultures

Individuals tend to judge bad side effects as more intentional than good side effects (the Knobe or side- effect effect). Here, we assessed how widespread these findings are by testing eleven adult cohorts of eight highly contrasted cultures on their attributions of intentional action as well as ratings of blame and praise. We found limited generalizability of the original side-effect effect, and even a reversal of the effect in two rural, traditional cultures (Samoa and Vanuatu) where participants were more likely to judge the good side effect as intentional. Three follow-up experiments indicate that this reversal of the side-effect effect is not due to semantics and may be linked to the perception of the status of the protagonist. These results highlight the importance of factoring cultural context in our understanding of moral cognition

Navigating multiple sources of healing in the context of HIV/AIDS and wide availability of antiretroviral treatment: a qualitative study of community participants’ perceptions and experiences in rural South Africa

Background: South Africa introduced the world’s largest antiretroviral treatment (ART) program in 2004 and since 2016 the Department of Health implemented a universal Treatment as Prevention (TasP) strategy. However, some studies have shown that increasing the availability of ART is insufficient for the comprehensive treatment of HIV, since many people still use traditional health practitioners (THPs) to avoid being identified as HIV positive, and for reasons unrelated to HIV/AIDS. This qualitative study explored the factors influencing how both HIV-negative and HIV-positive people choose amongst multiple sources of healing and how they engage with them, in the context of HIV/AIDS and wide availability of ART. Methods: Data were collected as part of a larger TasP trial at the Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal. Repeat in-depth individual interviews were conducted with 10 participants. Repeat group discussions were conducted with 42 participants. Group discussion data were triangulated using community walks and photo-voice techniques to give more insight into the perceptions of community members. All data were collected over 18 months. Thematic analysis was used to analyze participants’ narratives from both individual interviews and group discussions. Findings: In the context of HIV/AIDS and wide availability of ART, use of biomedical and traditional healing systems seemed to be common in this locality. People used THPs to meet family expectations, particularly those of authoritative heads of households such as parents or grandparents. Most participants believed that THPs could address specific types of illnesses, especially those understood to be spiritually caused and which could not be addressed or cured by biomedical practitioners. However, it was not easy for participants to separate some spiritually caused illnesses from biological illnesses in the context of HIV/AIDS. These data demonstrate that in this context, the use of THPs continues regardless of the wide availability of ART. To meet the health care needs of those patients requiring a health care system which combines biomedical and traditional approaches, collaboration and integration of biomedical and traditional health care should be considered

Traditional health practitioners’ management of HIV/AIDS in rural South Africa in the era of widespread antiretroviral therapy

Background: Traditional health practitioners (THPs) have been identified as a key local resource in the fight against HIV/AIDS in South Africa. However, their approaches to the treatment of people living with HIV (PLHIV) have been met with skepticism by some biomedical practitioners amidst increasing access to antiretroviral treatment (ART). In light of this ambivalence, this study aims to document and identify treatment approaches of THPs to the management of illness among PLHIV in the current era of widespread access to ART. Methods: The study was conducted as part of a larger trial of treatment as prevention (TasP) in rural northern Kwa-Zulu Natal, intended to treat PLHIV regardless of CD4 count. Nine THPs were enrolled using purposive and snowballing techniques. Repeat group discussions, triangulated with community walks and photo-voice techniques were conducted. A thematic analysis approach was used to analyse the data. Results: Eight of the nine THPs had received training in biomedical aspects of HIV. THPs showed a multilayered decision-making process in managing illness among PLHIV, influenced by attributes and choices of the THPs. THPs assessed and managed illness among PLHIV based on THP training in HIV/AIDS, THP type, as well as knowledge and experience in the traditional healing practice. Management of illness depended on the patients’ report of their HIV status or willingness to test for HIV. Conclusions: THPs’ approaches to illness in PLHIV appear to be shifting in light of increasing exposure to HIV/AIDS-related information. Importantly, disclosure of HIV status plays a major role in THPs’ management of illness among PLHIV, as well as linkage to HIV testing and care for their patients. Therefore, THPs can potentially enhance further success of antiretroviral therapy for PLHIV when HIV status is known

Slowing the stork : better health for women through family planning

Each year 500,000 women die from causes related to pregnancy - 99 percent of them in developing countries. While many of those pregnancies are unwanted and could have been prevented by family planning, only a minority of developing country couples use effective contraceptive methods. For some women, pregnancy represents a major health risk. Others, of lower risk, do not want any more children. This paper discusses the factors which determine women's use of contraceptives, and how family planning programs reach the large numbers of women at risk from further pregnancies. The most successful family planning policies offer women a variety of contraceptive methods tailored to specific age groups and educational levels. Much program experience suggests that family planning is one of, if not the most cost-effective means of averting maternal deaths. The savings generated by family planning services could be invested in saving the lives and health of women who do want to have more children.Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Adolescent Health,Reproductive Health,Early Child and Children's Health,Gender and Health

Encourager le rêve ou confronter à la réalité ? Le dilemme des psychologues conseillers en orientation = Encouraging dream or confronting with reality ? The career counselors dilemma

Savoir s’il faut encourager les consultants à vivre leurs rêves ou, au contraire, les inviter à modérer leurs aspirations pour tenir davantage compte de la réalité peut constituer un véritable dilemme pour les psychologues conseillers en orientation. Cet article propose de considérer cette question au regard de la littérature portant sur les bénéfices et les risques de chacune de ces deux approches. Les apports de l’entretien motivationnel (Miller & Rollnick, 2013) pour éviter les possibles écueils seront présentés. En conclusion, la réflexion sur le rêve et la réalité du métier de psychologue conseiller en orientation sera amorcée.Career counselor may face intense dilemma about whether to encourage their counselees to live their dreams or to moderate their aspirations. This article proposes a literature review aiming at considering the profits and risks of both approaches. Contributions of motivational interviewing (Miller & Rollnick, 2013) to avoid potential pitfalls will be introduced. To conclude, reflections will be initiated on the part of dream and reality in the career counseling profession

Etude pilote par PET/CT de la réponse à l'ipilimumab dans le traitement du mélanome métastatique.

0 Abstract L'incidence du mélanome est en nette augmentation en Europe et aux Etats-Unis. La Chirurgie peut être curative au stade précoce de la maladie,la radiothérapie se pratique À visée palliative, les chimiothérapies n'ont montré que peu d'effet. Les progress actuels se font via l'immunothérapie. Des traitements par l'interleukine-2 et l'interféron-α se sont montrés efficaces chez certains patients, mais leur utilisation est limitée par leur forte toxicité. Depuis 2011, en Suisse, une nouvelle molécule a été mise sur le marché, l'ipilimumab (Yervoy®). Il s'agit d'un anticorps! monoclonal humain dirigé contre le CTLA4. Il en résulte une activation non spécifique du système immunitaire. Une étude randomisée de phase IIIa été conduite au Etats-Unis. Elle démontre une augmentation de la survie chez les patients atteints de melanoma métastatique traits par ipilimumab, sans traitement préalable des métastases. Le but de cette etude est de determiner s'il est possible, par le biais de l'imagerie PET-CTau 18F-FDG, de prédire la réponse individuelle au traitement par ipilimumab, afin d'optimiser la prise en charge de ces patients. 0.1 Méthode Les patients atteints de mélanome métastatique sont exposés au traitement d'ipilimumab selon les recommandations de Bristol-Myers Squibb. Puis ils effectuent des PET-CT au F-18-FDG selon! le! protocole (CER 400/11, annexé) de l'étude. Les images sont!analysées selon les critères PERCIST (PETResponse Criterias In Solid Tumors) et le TLG (Total Lesion Glycolysis) est calculé. Parallèlement, des prises de sang sont effectuées et les échantillons sont analysés à l'institut Ludwig (LICR, Unil) selon les critères imRC qui determinant la réponse immunologique au traitement. 0.2 Résultats Nous notons une discrépance dans les résultats. Lorsque nous observons une maladie stable avec les critères immunologiques imRC, nous observons une maladie progressive avec lescritères PERCIST. 0.3 Discussion - Conclusion Nous n'avons pu faire entrer que cinq patients dans l'étude, dont trois étaient vivants à trois mois, ce qui a restreint le nombre de données analysables. Les discrépances que nous observons dans nos résultats pourraient être dues au fait que le PET-CT au 18FDG ne nous permet pas de différencier l'activité tumorale de l'activité inflammatoire péri-tumorale. Ce biais pourrait être à l'avenir prévenu en utilisant du 18FLT, un marqueur plus sélectif des cellules tumorales.L'analyse desimages avec les critères de total-lesion glycolysis a été impossible au vu du nombre de lésions que présentaient certains patients. Les critères PERCIST exigent un protocole d'acquisition très strict. La corrélation entre les images, les données immunologiques et la clinique mérite d'être suivie sur le long terme, car il pourrait y avoir une réponse positive plus tardive du traitement par ipilimumab

Quality of life after pulmonary embolism, validation of the French version of the PEmb-QoL questionnaire

Background: The PEmb-QoL is a validated 40-item questionnaire to quantify health-related quality of life in patients having experienced pulmonary embolism (PE). It covers six health dimensions: frequency of complaints, activities of daily living limitations, work-related problems, social limitations, intensity of complaints, and emotional complaints. Originally developed in Dutch and English, we sought to prospectively validate the psychometric properties of a French version of the PEmb-QoL. Methods: We performed a forward and backward translation of the English version of the PEmb-QoL into French. French-speaking consecutive adult patients with an acute, objectively confirmed PE admitted to the emergency department of a Swiss university hospital between 08/2009 and 09/2011 were recruited telephonically. We used standard psychometric tests and criteria to evaluate the acceptability, reliability, and validity of the French version of the PEmb-QoL. We also performed an exploratory factor analysis. Results: Overall, 102 patients were enrolled in the study. The French version of the PEmb-QoL showed good reliability (internal consistency, item-total and inter-item correlations), reproducibility (test-retest reliability), and validity (convergent, discriminant) in French-speaking patients with PE. The exploratory factor analysis suggested three underlying dimensions: limitations in daily activity (items 4b-m, 5a-d), symptoms (items 1a-h and 7), and emotional complaints (items 9a-f and j). Conclusion: We successfully validated the French version of the PEmb-QoL questionnaire in patients with PE. Our results show that the PEmb-QoL is a valuable tool for assessing health-related quality of life after PE in French-speaking patients

L'identité européenne: du déterminisme historique à une objectivité culturelle

Comme d'autres avant elle dans l'histoire, l'Union européenne, en même temps qu'elle se dote des institutions nécessaires à son fonctionnement est en quête d'une identité. Identité à trouver ? À re-trouver ? À construire ? Mythologie à ré-écrire ? La question n'est pas si simple. En effet, s'il est bon de dénouer l'écheveau des racines, s'il est bon de faire référence à un héritage commun, encore faut-il s'interroger sur les raisons qui motivent une telle démarche, sur la problématique mise en oeuvre pour aboutir, sur l'usage fondamental qui en sera fait. Les exemples ne sont pas rares de ces identités devenues meurtrières à force de se contempler dans leur propre reflet alors qu'elles renvoient fondamentalement à l'Autre.As many others in the history, the European Union, while building its institutional tools is in search of its own identity. Identity to be found ? Mythology to be written ? The question is far from simple for people. For it is certainly commendable to want to untangle the complexity of our roots and to refer to a common heritage, but not without trying to explain the reasons for such an approach, the methods used to achieve such a goal and the fundamental way in which these findings will be used. Examples abound of such identities becoming fatal through too much self-contemplation whilst they should fundamentally reflect towards the Other

L'IST : une référence en matière de santé au travail

Affilié aux universités de Lausanne et de Genève, l'Institut universitaire romand de Santé au Travail (IST) est actif dans la promotion de la santé au travail. Il intervient dans l'enseignement, la recherche, l'expertise et le conseil et agit sur le terrain en tant que consultant ou expert. Différents spécialistes sont réunis, tels que médecins du travail, ergonomes, psychologues, hygiénistes, chimistes, ingénieurs et experts de laboratoire. Toute entreprise peut ainsi faire appel au secteur expertise et conseil de l'institut pour des analyses de situation en milieu professionnel : hygiène et sécurité, gestion de la santé dans l'entreprise, ergonomie, analyse de l'exposition aux produits toxiques et prévention du burnout notamment

Quantitative and Qualitative LC-High-Resolution MS: The Technological and Biological Reasons for a Shift of Paradigm

Today, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS: Q-TOF-MS, Orbitrap-MS) shows sensitive and reliable quantifications of a large variety of compounds while acquiring in high-resolution full-scan mode. Interestingly, HRMS shows equal quantitative performance than triple-quadrupole-MS (QQQ-MS), which is the MS technology traditionally used for quantification. But, in contrast to QQQ-MS that performs “narrow-minded” ion transitions (targeted prior determination), analysis using HRMS can record HR-full scan that detects virtually all ions (e.g., from m/z = 80 to 1000) and gives a global picture of what is in the biological sample (diagnostic screening). This is more and more seen as a key advantage because on top of targeted and quantitative analyses, many other routine or research determinations can be performed such as qualitative (identification), simultaneous quantitative/qualitative (quan/qual), and omics (untargeted) assays. The high versatility and performance of most actual HRMS instruments placed them as new gold standards in LC-MS analysis. Indeed, only HRMS can answer new analytical requests from systems biology and personalized medicine requesting more holistic approaches with untargeted analyses (e.g., proteomics and metabolomics). In the light of the new HRMS-based paradigm, concrete examples revealing quantitative, qualitative, simultaneous quan/qual, and omics capabilities of HRMS in the context of routine and research analyses will be given