Dimensional instability of cement bonded particleboard: Modelling CBPB as a composite of two materials

Copyright @ Springer Verlag. This is a post print version of the article. The official published version can be obtained from the link below.Previous papers have quantitatively indicated that the total movement of cement bonded particleboard (CBPB) is equal to the sum of the movement of its components. This paper examined the efficacy of the law of mixtures when applied to the movement of a wood-cement composite under internal swelling or shrinkage stresses. Abundant data generated in companion papers were first manipulated to develop the universal formulae for predicting the movement of components. In conjunction with previous numerical results from image analysis of the structure of CBPB, and the orientated elasticity and stress algorithms, the models for theoretically predicting mass and dimensional changes of CBPB were derived. Validation studies were conducted and these demonstrated an excellent agreement of the theoretical predictions with experimental data for both mass and dimensional changes of CBPB due to internal swelling or shrinkage stresses during adsorption and desorption. The success also implied that CBPB can be treated as a composite and its properties can be well derived by the law of mixtures even though CBPB is an unusual type of composite having a very high volume fraction of wood chips, but a very high mass fraction of cement paste

Dimensional instability of cement bonded particleboard - Part 2: Behaviour and its prediction under cyclic changes in RH

This is a post print version of the article. The official published version can be obtained from the link below.This paper examines the dimensional instability of cement bonded particleboard (CBPB) and discusses the behaviour of CBPB during cyclic changes in relative humidities (RH). The results indicated that the changes of CBPB in both mass and dimensions reflected the changes in RH; in a cycle 90–65–35–65–90%RH the change of per percentage change in RH was 1.0:1.3:1.3:2.5 for mass, 1:2:2:1 for length and 1.3:1.1:1.0:1.0 for thickness. The changes were closely related to the structure of CBPB and the nature of the cement paste and wood chips. Thickness change was double that of the length change between 65 and 35%RH and triple that between 65 and 90%RH. The rate of change in mass was much higher than that in dimensions. The hysteresis loops were dissimilar to those of other wood and wood-based materials, with the loops of mass change closed between 65 and 90%RH, while the loops for dimensional changes were open. A set of the former loops moved upward and the latter moved downward with increasing number of cycles, corresponding to an accumulated increase in mass, but decrease in dimensions. The models developed for CBPB under constant and a single changing RH were successfully applied to changes under cyclic RH. The sorption behaviour and dimensional movement of CBPB has been shown to be influenced not only by RH, but also by its intermediate history, with the maximum values for change within every phase of sorption, in both mass and dimensions, being higher for the cycling between 35–90%RH than the cycling regime 35–65–90%RH. The ratios of dimensional changes to mass change of CBPB were greater under the latter regime than under the former regime.Partly Financial Support from the British Council

Finding Women in Early Modern English Courts: Evidence from Peter King\u27s Manuscript Reports

This article constitutes a preliminary report on cases involving women that appear in a manuscript authored by Chief Justice Peter King during the first seven years of his tenure as Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas in early eighteenth century England. While the 327 cases he reported in the manuscript run the gamut of the procedural and substantive matters that vexed early modem Englishmen, the cases isolated and discussed hereinafter are the fifty-five cases in which women were a party to the litigation observed. By so doing, isolating cases in which women appeared as litigants, we may catalog the legal issues that touched the lives of women during the period and discern the substantive law that these disputes generated. No sophisticated thesis on the legal position of women during the period can be teased from the cases. Rather, the cases allow historians to derive a more nuanced and textured understanding of the circumstances of women\u27s participation in the early modern English legal order. Moreover, by observing the legal issues and the context in which they arose in cases that involved women therein, we may relate the narratives illuminated in the cases to the broader role of women as participants in the economy and society during the earlier years of Britain\u27s commercial revolution

European Union Business Law: Representing Clients Doing Business in the European Union (2018)

Table of Contents Only Despite the machinations accompanying the British decision to leave the European Union, the EU still remains a potent economic and political force on the international stage. American businesses, and their lawyers, cannot afford to ignore its institutions and law, because the Union is America’s largest trading partner. While the book places the Union in its historical and jurisprudential context and parses its institutional and constitutional structure, its focus is squarely upon the exposition of business law. It introduces American law students and lawyers to substantive law of the Union focusing upon free movement (of goods, workers, the self-employed, cross-border service providers, business entities, and capital), competition law, merger control, state subsidies, and cross-border investment regulation.Although the presentation excerpts seminal cases in each area of business law, its format does not resemble the traditional law school casebook. The focus is upon exposition and explanation, with the authors (academics and practitioners) offering synthesis, analysis and context in each substantive area of law under observation.https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/fac_books/1104/thumbnail.jp