Design of 1 :7 .645 scale LCA high speed air intake model

This report details the mechanical design aspects of the 1:7.645 scale LCA high speed air intake model. The model is intended to generate intake data in the transonic range 0.7 & 1.3 by Aeronautical Development Agency. The model has been designed for testing in the S2MA ONERA wind tunnel facilities. The 1:7.645 scale model is basically a composite model with metallic bulkheads/inserts and mainly consists of front fuselage, the wing, the canopy, interchangeable front duct modules, the rear portion of the CFRP duct, the main bulkhead, the heat exchanger duct, the sting, kulite rake, rear portion of the metallic duct including venturi, butterfly valve and diffuser. The kulite rake, the sting and the rear portion of the duct available with ONERA is made use of in the present model design. The steel bulkhead provides anchor support for the model in the tunnel through a flange mounted sting. The model has been designed to meet all the requirements of ONERA regarding model design and construction. For the design of the present model, the critical loads are scaled down from the load data of the 1:4.405 scale model. Structural analysis based on strength of materials approach has been carried out on the components of the model viz. forward fuselage, main bulkhead, air intake duct, and the splitter plate. FEN analysis has been carried out on the wing which is supposed to be the critical element of the model. The stress analysis shows that adequate margins of safety are available for all the components of the model

Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes

Cancer is driven by genetic change, and the advent of massively parallel sequencing has enabled systematic documentation of this variation at the whole-genome scale(1-3). Here we report the integrative analysis of 2,658 whole-cancer genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We describe the generation of the PCAWG resource, facilitated by international data sharing using compute clouds. On average, cancer genomes contained 4-5 driver mutations when combining coding and non-coding genomic elements; however, in around 5% of cases no drivers were identified, suggesting that cancer driver discovery is not yet complete. Chromothripsis, in which many clustered structural variants arise in a single catastrophic event, is frequently an early event in tumour evolution; in acral melanoma, for example, these events precede most somatic point mutations and affect several cancer-associated genes simultaneously. Cancers with abnormal telomere maintenance often originate from tissues with low replicative activity and show several mechanisms of preventing telomere attrition to critical levels. Common and rare germline variants affect patterns of somatic mutation, including point mutations, structural variants and somatic retrotransposition. A collection of papers from the PCAWG Consortium describes non-coding mutations that drive cancer beyond those in the TERT promoter(4); identifies new signatures of mutational processes that cause base substitutions, small insertions and deletions and structural variation(5,6); analyses timings and patterns of tumour evolution(7); describes the diverse transcriptional consequences of somatic mutation on splicing, expression levels, fusion genes and promoter activity(8,9); and evaluates a range of more-specialized features of cancer genomes(8,10-18).Peer reviewe

Iron Behaving Badly: Inappropriate Iron Chelation as a Major Contributor to the Aetiology of Vascular and Other Progressive Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases

The production of peroxide and superoxide is an inevitable consequence of aerobic metabolism, and while these particular "reactive oxygen species" (ROSs) can exhibit a number of biological effects, they are not of themselves excessively reactive and thus they are not especially damaging at physiological concentrations. However, their reactions with poorly liganded iron species can lead to the catalytic production of the very reactive and dangerous hydroxyl radical, which is exceptionally damaging, and a major cause of chronic inflammation. We review the considerable and wide-ranging evidence for the involvement of this combination of (su)peroxide and poorly liganded iron in a large number of physiological and indeed pathological processes and inflammatory disorders, especially those involving the progressive degradation of cellular and organismal performance. These diseases share a great many similarities and thus might be considered to have a common cause (i.e. iron-catalysed free radical and especially hydroxyl radical generation). The studies reviewed include those focused on a series of cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological diseases, where iron can be found at the sites of plaques and lesions, as well as studies showing the significance of iron to aging and longevity. The effective chelation of iron by natural or synthetic ligands is thus of major physiological (and potentially therapeutic) importance. As systems properties, we need to recognise that physiological observables have multiple molecular causes, and studying them in isolation leads to inconsistent patterns of apparent causality when it is the simultaneous combination of multiple factors that is responsible. This explains, for instance, the decidedly mixed effects of antioxidants that have been observed, etc...Comment: 159 pages, including 9 Figs and 2184 reference

Mechanical properties of carbon-epoxy composites

This report presents the mechanical properties of carbon epoxy composites which were established for use in the design of 1:1.405 scale LCA high speed air intake model. The carbon fabrics and resin used in impregnation of specimens were G803W 5H satin weave and G807 8H satin weave supplied by M/s Brochier SA France, and Epoxy LY556 with Hardner HY951 supplied by CIBA (India). The mechanical properties evaluated included tensile strength, tensile modulus and horizontal shear strength (short beam method). The effect of post curing at 70°C was also studied

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ONDANSETRON WITH RAMOSETRON IN PREVENTION OF POST-OPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING GENERAL ANESTHESIA

Objective: Post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is an unpleasant, distressing, and exhausting experience for patients. PONV may prolong recovery, delay patient discharge, and increase hospital costs. Prevention and treatment of PONV help to accelerate post-operative recovery and increase patient satisfaction. In this study, we compared the efficacy of Ondansetron and Ramosetron to prevent PONV in patients undergoing elective surgeries under general anaesthesia and also to study their side effects. Methods: Eighty patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists [ASA] I and II) between the age group of 18 and 65 years scheduled to undergo elective surgeries under general anaesthesia were randomly allocated into two groups. Group O received Ondansetron 4 mg and Group R received Ramosetron 0.3 mg intravenously before induction of anaesthesia. Episodes of nausea, vomiting, and retching were determined and noted in first 24 h after surgery at time intervals of 0–3 h, 3–6 h, 6–12 h, and 12–24 h. The incidence of adverse effects and the use of rescue anti-emetics were also noted in the post-operative period. At the end of the surgery, results were compiled and statistical analysis was done using Student’s “t” test and Chi-square test. p<0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The incidence of nausea was lower in patients receiving Ramosetron when compared to patients receiving Ondansetron especially in the 0–3 h period (p=0.032). This was statistically significant. The incidence nausea was lower in Group R during 3–6 h, 6–12 h, and 12–24 h period which was not statistically significant (p=1.000, p=0.359, p=1.000 respectively). The incidence of vomiting was lower in patients receiving Ramosetron when compared to patients receiving Ondansetron in the 0–3 h, 3–6 h, 6–12 h, and 12–24 h period, but it was not statistically significant (p=0.712, p=1.000, p=0.241, and p=0.116, respectively). The use of rescue anti-emetics and the incidence of adverse side effects were more in patients receiving Ondansetron when compared to patients receiving Ramosetron with no significance. Conclusion: Our study concludes that ramosetron was more effective than ondansetron in the prevention of post-operative nausea and was associated with fewer side effects comparatively

Sensitivity of movement and intensity of severe cyclone AILA to the physical processes

Accurate prediction of movement and intensity of tropical cyclone is still most challenging problem in numerical weather prediction. The positive progress in this field can be achieved by providing network of observations in the storm region and best representation of atmospheric physical processes in the model. In the present study later part was attempted to investigate the sensitivity of movement and intensity of the severe cyclonic storm AILA to different physical processes in the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Three sets of experiments were conducted for convection, microphysics (MP) and planetary boundary layer (PBL) processes. Model-simulated fields like minimum central surface pressure, maximum surface wind, track and vector displacement error are considered to test the sensitivity. The results indicate that the movement of the system is more sensitive to the cumulus physics and the intensity of the cyclone is sensitive to both PBL and cumulus physics. The combination of Betts Miller Janjic (BMJ) for convection, Yonsei University (YSU) for PBL and Purdue Lin (LIN) for microphysics is found to perform better than other combination schemes. The horizontal and vertical features of the system along with its special features like complete northward movement of the system throughout the travel period and the consistent cyclonic storm intensity until 15 hrs after the landfall could be well simulated by the model

Liner for filament wound vessels

Utilisation of composite materials in the fabrication of13; high performance pressure vessels like solid propellant rocket motor cases presents a unique problem which is characteristic of composite materials. For the optimal design of motor cases, it is necessary to use high design stresses. As the motor cases are normally filament wound, embedding high strength fibres in a resin matrix whose strength and percentage elongation at failure are very much lower than that of the fibres, cracking of resin matrix take place under stress, at a stress value13; very much below the design stress. Hence, in order to utilise, the high specific strength of the fibres in filament wound pressure vessels, it becomes necessary to provide a 'barrier' or liner on the inner surface of the vessel to contain the pressurizing medium

Design and fabrication of water soluble mandrels

Mandrel is an important tool required in filament winding. The external shape of the mandrel should necessarily conform to the inside contour of the product being wound and should have adequate strength to withstand many steps involved in the fabrication, such as winding, curing and machining - operations. Hence, the selectiop of material for the mandrel and the design of the mandrel should be based, keeping the above manufacturing aspects in view, in order to produce reliable filament wound products which are dimensionally accurate and free from residual stresses

Development of eproxy-glass-pre-impregnated rovings suitable for filament winding

The purpose of this programme was to develop pre-impregnated13; -epoxy rovings which are suitable for filament wound13; pressure vessels. Use of a preimpregnated winding material is necessary in the fabrication of aerospace structural components, for which predictable strength properties are important.properties such as resin content which adversely affect the of filament wound components, can be easily cona13; preimpregnated winding material is used in the Specially in winding large components, involving ble fabrication time, use ot wet winding technique resulting variation of the mechanical properties of the component is due to the low Viscosity resin systems normally employed wet winding. which are prone to set at ambient temperatures, resulting in variation of mechanical properties throughtout the wall thickness of the component