Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes

Cancer is driven by genetic change, and the advent of massively parallel sequencing has enabled systematic documentation of this variation at the whole-genome scale(1-3). Here we report the integrative analysis of 2,658 whole-cancer genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We describe the generation of the PCAWG resource, facilitated by international data sharing using compute clouds. On average, cancer genomes contained 4-5 driver mutations when combining coding and non-coding genomic elements; however, in around 5% of cases no drivers were identified, suggesting that cancer driver discovery is not yet complete. Chromothripsis, in which many clustered structural variants arise in a single catastrophic event, is frequently an early event in tumour evolution; in acral melanoma, for example, these events precede most somatic point mutations and affect several cancer-associated genes simultaneously. Cancers with abnormal telomere maintenance often originate from tissues with low replicative activity and show several mechanisms of preventing telomere attrition to critical levels. Common and rare germline variants affect patterns of somatic mutation, including point mutations, structural variants and somatic retrotransposition. A collection of papers from the PCAWG Consortium describes non-coding mutations that drive cancer beyond those in the TERT promoter(4); identifies new signatures of mutational processes that cause base substitutions, small insertions and deletions and structural variation(5,6); analyses timings and patterns of tumour evolution(7); describes the diverse transcriptional consequences of somatic mutation on splicing, expression levels, fusion genes and promoter activity(8,9); and evaluates a range of more-specialized features of cancer genomes(8,10-18).Peer reviewe

Antecedents and Consequences of Electronic Product Code Adoption and its Implications for Supply Chain Management: A Framework and Propositions for Future Research

Although electronic product code (ePC) is a popular standard of inter-organisational communication for identifying and tracing trade items, its level of adoption varies among firms, many of which still confine their supply chain activities to manual processes and stand-alone operations. To provide a better understanding of ePC adoption, we surveyed the relevant literature and developed a theoretical framework, together with a set of research propositions, to account for the antecedents and consequences of ePC adoption for supply chain management (SCM). The framework and propositions provide the impetus for a research agenda that identifies the critical issues of technological adoption for SCM. We also discuss the implications of the theoretical framework for further research and provide recommendations on the adoption of ePC for SCM. Maritime Economics & Logistics (2006) 8, 311–330. doi:10.1057/palgrave.mel.9100166