The mineral association in manganese ores, with particular reference to the phosphorus-bearing minerals and their removal by leaching methods

The United States Bureau of Mines Experimental Station at Rolla has recently been conducting an intensive investigation of the amenability of Arkansas red ores to enrichment by standard ore dressing methods. These Arkansas ores are low grade with the estimated reserves running into several million tons. They can be concentrated to meet all Grade B ferromanganese specifications - with the exception of that of the phosphorus content, but in all cases the phosphorus is so high as to make the ore worthless under present conditions. This condition suggested the problem of trying to discover a method by which the phosphorus could be eliminated, which in turn called for a positive identification of the phosphorus-bearing compounds. The thesis as finally adopted chose the following lines of pursuit: 1. A study of standard known manganese and phosphorus minerals was to be made in order to become familiar with their properties. 2. The data obtained from this study was to be applied to the study of actual manganese ores, especially those from the Batesville District in Arkansas. 3. On the completion of the identification work, if the chemical composition and interlocking of the phosphorus-containing mineral would permit either a mechanical or chemical separation from the manganese minerals, the development of a practical method of eliminating the phosphorus would be undertaken --Introduction, page 5

Science and Ideology in Economic, Political, and Social Thought

This paper has two sources: One is my own research in three broad areas: business cycles, economic measurement and social choice. In all of these fields I attempted to apply the basic precepts of the scientific method as it is understood in the natural sciences. I found that my effort at using natural science methods in economics was met with little understanding and often considerable hostility. I found economics to be driven less by common sense and empirical evidence, then by various ideologies that exhibited either a political or a methodological bias, or both. This brings me to the second source: Several books have appeared recently that describe in historical terms the ideological forces that have shaped either the direct areas in which I worked, or a broader background. These books taught me that the ideological forces in the social sciences are even stronger than I imagined on the basis of my own experiences. The scientific method is the antipode to ideology. I feel that the scientific work that I have done on specific, long standing and fundamental problems in economics and political science have given me additional insights into the destructive role of ideology beyond the history of thought orientation of the works I will be discussing