Antioxidative Activities of Natural Hydroxy-Bearing Cinnamaldehydes and Cinnamic Acids: A Comparative Study

Purpose: To determine the potent antioxidants among six hydroxy-bearing cinnamaldehyde compounds and their corresponding acids.Methods: The antioxidative activities were evaluated by scavenging 2, 2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals and anti-hemolysis of human red blood cells (RBCs). Fourier transform infrared spectrometry（FT-IR, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR）and mass spectrometer(MS) evaluations were used to determine the synthesized compounds.Results: The scavenging ability of the compounds on DPPH radicals was in the following rank order: caffeic aldehyde (F) ≈ caffeic acid (C) > vitamin C (Vc) > o-coumaraldehyde (D) > p-coumaric acid (B) > p-coumaraldehyde (E) ≈o-coumaric acid. Inhibitory ability against 2′-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced erythrocyte hemolysis was ranked as follows: o-coumaraldehyde (D) > p-coumaraldehyde (E) ≈ caffeic aldehyde (F) > caffeic acid (C) ≈o-coumaric acid (A) > p-coumaric acid (B) > Vitamin C. The corresponding inhibition time (tinh ) of D and Vc was 63.6, and 23.7 min, respectively.Conclusion: Cinnamaldehydes demonstrated superior antioxidative activities to their corresponding acids. DPPH scavenging ability correlated directly with the number of hydroxyl groups on the catechol ring while the degree of lipophilicity of the compounds may be proportional to their anti-hemolytic activity.Keywords: DPPH scavenging, Cinnamaldehyde, Cinnamic acid, Antioxidative, Hemolysis

Short-Term Nonlinear Response of Tension Leg Platform in Random Sea Waves

Most of the existing mathematical models for analyzing the dynamic response of TLP are based on explicit or implicit assumptions that motions (translations and rotations) are small magnitude. However, when TLP works in severe adverse conditions, the a priori assumption on small displacements may be inadequate. In such situation, the motions should be regarded as finite magnitude. This paper will study stochastic nonlinear dynamic responses of TLP with finite displacements in random waves. The nonlinearities considered are: large amplitude motions, coupling the six degrees-of-freedom, instantaneous position, instantaneous wet surface, free surface effects and viscous drag force. The nonlinear dynamic responses are calculated by using numerical integration procedure in the time domain. After the time histories of the dynamic responses are obtained, we carry out cycle counting of the stress histories of the tethers with rain-flow counting method to get the stress range distribution

Variations of Particle Size Distribution, Black Carbon, and Brown Carbon during a Severe Winter Pollution Event over Xi'an, China

Real-time particulate matter (PM) size distributions, 4-hour time resolution, PM2.5, carbonaceous materials, and their optical properties were measured during a severe pollution event in Xi'an, China High PM2.5 /PM10 ratios were observed on both pollution (0.83) and non-pollution (0.73) days, emphasizing the abundance of fine particles during sampling days. The particle number (PN) first peaked with a wide size range (30-100 nm) before morning rush hours (approximately 01:00-05:00) on pollution and non-pollution days, demonstrating that PN was governed by the accumulation of freshly emitted diesel particles and characterized by distinct aerosol condensation growth. By contrast, the second peak time and size range differed between pollution and non-pollution days because of different formation mechanisms The light-absorbing coefficients of both black carbon (BC, b(abs-880nm,BC)) and brown carbon (BrC, b(abs-370nm, BrC)) were high on pollution days and decreased to approximately half of those values on non-pollution days, indicating that the degree of light absorption is reduced by rain. The diurnal variation in b(abs-880nm, BC) pollution peaked with traffic on January 1 and 2. By contrast, it remained in relatively stable and high ranges (120-160 Mm(-1)) in the second period (January 3-5) without traffic peaks, illustrating that the dominant sources changed even during the same pollution period. High values of both b(abs-370nm, BrC) and b(abs-880nm,) (BC )coincided in the afternoon and evening due to emissions from primary sources, and abundant aqueous secondary organic carbon, respectively. A highly variable mass absorption coefficient of BrC also indicated the variety of fuel combustion sources of primary BrC in Xi'an

Age-Associated Metabolic and Morphologic Changes in Mitochondria of Individual Mouse and Hamster Oocytes

Background: In human oocytes, as in other mammalian ova, there is a significant variation in the pregnancy potential, with approximately 20% of oocyte-sperm meetings resulting in pregnancies. This frequency of successful fertilization decreases as the oocytes age. This low proportion of fruitful couplings appears to be influenced by changes in mitochondrial structure and function. In this study, we have examined mitochondrial biogenesis in both hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) and mouse (Mus musculus) ova as models for understanding the effects of aging on mitochondrial structure and energy production within the mammalian oocyte. Methodology/Principal Findings: Individual metaphase II oocytes from a total of 25 young and old mice and hamsters were collected from ovarian follicles after hormone stimulation and prepared for biochemical or structural analysis. Adenosine triphosphate levels and mitochondrial DNA number were determined within individual oocytes from young and old animals. In aged hamsters, oocyte adenosine triphosphate levels and mitochondrial DNA molecules were reduced 35.4% and 51.8%, respectively. Reductions of 38.4% and 44% in adenosine triphosphate and mitochondrial genomes, respectively, were also seen in aged mouse oocytes. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis showed that aged rodent oocytes had significant alterations in mitochondrial and cytoplasmic lamellae structure. Conclusions/Significance: In both mice and hamsters, decreased adenosine triphosphate in aged oocytes is correlated with a similar decrease in mtDNA molecules and number of mitochondria. Mitochondria in mice and hamsters undergo significant morphological change with aging including mitochondrial vacuolization, cristae alterations, and changes in cytoplasmic lamellae

Mammalian Ste20-Like Kinase and SAV1 Promote 3T3-L1 Adipocyte Differentiation by Activation of PPARγ

The mammalian ste20 kinase (MST) signaling pathway plays an important role in the regulation of apoptosis and cell cycle control. We sought to understand the role of MST2 kinase and Salvador homolog 1 (SAV1), a scaffolding protein that functions in the MST pathway, in adipocyte differentiation. MST2 and MST1 stimulated the binding of SAV1 to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a transcription factor that plays a key role in adipogenesis. The interaction of endogenous SAV1 and PPARγ was detected in differentiating 3T3-L1 adipocytes. This binding required the kinase activity of MST2 and was mediated by the WW domains of SAV1 and the PPYY motif of PPARγ. Overexpression of MST2 and SAV1 increased PPARγ levels by stabilizing the protein, and the knockdown of SAV1 resulted in a decrease of endogenous PPARγ protein in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. During the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into adipocytes, MST2 and SAV1 expression began to increase at 2 days when PPARγ expression also begins to increase. MST2 and SAV1 significantly increased PPARγ transactivation, and SAV1 was shown to be required for the activation of PPARγ by rosiglitazone. Finally, differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells was augmented by MST2 and SAV1 expression and inhibited by knockdown of MST1/2 or SAV1. These results suggest that PPARγ activation by the MST signaling pathway may be a novel regulatory mechanism of adipogenesis

Measurement of the Bottom-Strange Meson Mixing Phase in the Full CDF Data Set

We report a measurement of the bottom-strange meson mixing phase \beta_s using the time evolution of B0_s -> J/\psi (->\mu+\mu-) \phi (-> K+ K-) decays in which the quark-flavor content of the bottom-strange meson is identified at production. This measurement uses the full data set of proton-antiproton collisions at sqrt(s)= 1.96 TeV collected by the Collider Detector experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron, corresponding to 9.6 fb-1 of integrated luminosity. We report confidence regions in the two-dimensional space of \beta_s and the B0_s decay-width difference \Delta\Gamma_s, and measure \beta_s in [-\pi/2, -1.51] U [-0.06, 0.30] U [1.26, \pi/2] at the 68% confidence level, in agreement with the standard model expectation. Assuming the standard model value of \beta_s, we also determine \Delta\Gamma_s = 0.068 +- 0.026 (stat) +- 0.009 (syst) ps-1 and the mean B0_s lifetime, \tau_s = 1.528 +- 0.019 (stat) +- 0.009 (syst) ps, which are consistent and competitive with determinations by other experiments.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, Phys. Rev. Lett 109, 171802 (2012

Search for new phenomena in final states with an energetic jet and large missing transverse momentum in pp collisions at √ s = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Results of a search for new phenomena in final states with an energetic jet and large missing transverse momentum are reported. The search uses 20.3 fb−1 of √ s = 8 TeV data collected in 2012 with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Events are required to have at least one jet with pT > 120 GeV and no leptons. Nine signal regions are considered with increasing missing transverse momentum requirements between Emiss T > 150 GeV and Emiss T > 700 GeV. Good agreement is observed between the number of events in data and Standard Model expectations. The results are translated into exclusion limits on models with either large extra spatial dimensions, pair production of weakly interacting dark matter candidates, or production of very light gravitinos in a gauge-mediated supersymmetric model. In addition, limits on the production of an invisibly decaying Higgs-like boson leading to similar topologies in the final state are presente