Archaeology, science-based archaeology and the Mediterranean Bronze Age metals trade

Archaeologists often seem either sceptical of science-based archaeology or baffled by its results. The underpinnings of science-based archaeology may conflict with social or behavioural factors unsuited to quantification and grouping procedures. Thus, the interaction between archaeologists and their science-based colleagues has been less profitable than it might have been. The main point I consider in this study, and exemplify by considering metals provenance studies in the Bronze Age Mediterranean, is the relevance and application of the stated aims of science-based archaeology to the contemporary discipline of archaeology. Whereas most practitioners today recognize that science-based archaeology has the potential to contribute positively to the resolution of problems stemming from our field's inadequate and incomplete data resource, I contend that science and scientific analyses alone cannot adjudicate between cultural possibilities. Rather they provide analytical data which are likely to be open-ended, subject to multiple social interpretations, and in need of evaluation by collaborating archaeologists using social theory

Mutually local fields from form factors

We compare two different methods of computing form factors. One is the well established procedure of solving the form factor consistency equations and the other is to represent the field content as well as the particle creation operators in terms of fermionic Fock operators. We compute the corresponding matrix elements for the complex free fermion and the Federbush model. The matrix elements only satisfy the form factor consistency equations involving anyonic factors of local commutativity when the corresponding operators are local. We carry out the ultraviolet limit, analyze the momentum space cluster properties and demonstrate how the Federbush model can be obtained from the $SU(3)_3$-homogeneous sine-Gordon model. We propose a new class of Lagrangians which constitute a generalization of the Federbush model in a Lie algebraic fashion. For these models we evaluate the associated scattering matrices from first principles, which can alternatively also be obtained in a certain limit of the homogeneous sine-Gordon models.Comment: 16 pages Late

Synonymy and stratigraphic ranges of Belemnopsis in the Heterian and Ohauan Stages (Callovian-Tithonian), southwest Auckland, New Zealand.

Belemnopsis stevensi, Belemnopsis maccrawi, and Belemnopsis sp. A (Challinor 1979a) are synonymous; B. stevensi has priority. New belemnite material from Kawhia Harbour and Port Waikato, together with graphical study methods, indicates that many small fragmentary specimens associated with B. stevensi in the lower part of its stratigraphic range are probably the same taxon. B. stevensi has been found only in the Middle and Upper Heterian Stage (Lower Kimmeridgian) at Kawhia and only in the Lower Ohauan Stage (Upper Kimmeridgian) at Port Waikato. This apparently disjunct distribution is attributed to poor exposure in the relevant sections. Belemnopsis kiwiensis n.sp., Belemnopsis cf. sp. B, Belemnopsis sp. B, Belemnopsis sp. D, and Belemnopsis spp. are associated with B. stevensi near the lowest known point in its stratigraphic range. The distribution of stratigraphically useful belemnites within the Heterian and Ohauan Stages is: Conodicoelites spp. (Lower Heterian; correlated with Lower Callovian); Belemnopsis annae (Lower and Middle Heterian; Lower Callovian/Lower Kimmeridgian); Belemnopsis stevensi (Middle Heterian/Lower Ohauan; Kimmeridgian); Belemnopsis keari (Upper Heterian; Kimmeridgian); Belemnopsis trechmanni (Upper Ohauan; Upper Kimmeridgian/Middle Tithonian). The apparently extreme range of Belemnopsis annae remains unexplained. Klondyke Sandstone (new) is recognised as the basal member of Moewaka Formation (Port Waikato area)

Stratigraphy of Tithonian (Ohauan-Puaroan ) marine beds near Port Waikato, New Zealand, and a redescription of Belemnopsis aucklandica (Hochstetter).

Some 1500 m of marine Ohauan and Puaroan strata in the Port Waikato region of New Zealand are restudied in an attempt to resolve lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic anomalies in published works. New correlations are proposed for some units of the Apotu Group. A lower 650 m siltstone, previously correlated entirely with Kinohaku Siltstone, is here regarded as including the interval Kinohaku Siltstone to Lower Puti Siltstone (new member). The Waiharakeke Conglomerate is not represented in the area by coarse sediments. A thin sandstone unit overlying the Lower Puti Siltstone and previously correlated with Waiharakeke Conglomerate is here correlated with the Ruakiwi Sandstone. The overlying 400 m siltstone, regarded previously as the entire Puti Siltstone, is here recognised as a new member, the Upper Puti Siltstone. The Coleman Conglomerate is much thicker in the region than mapped, and located higher in the sequence. Biostratigraphy is a key element in correlating the sequence with named units to the south. The sequence is mostly siltstone, but sandstone units provide some lithostratigraphic control. Belemnites are almost the only fossils found in the Late Ohauan and Early Puaroan part of the sequence and are important in the Late Puaroan. Formal belemnite zones, based in part on their stratigraphic distributions in other parts of southwest Auckland, are erected. Occasional ammonites provide tie points that correlate the succession with the standard stratigraphic column for the Tethyan realm. Belemnopsis aucklandica (Hochstetter) is redescribed and considered to be of full specific status as is its former subspecies, Belemnopsis trechmanni Stevens. Many pre-adult Belemnopsis aucklandica differ in form from adults, some have been previously identified in the field as Hibolithes. Some earlier identifications of belemnites from the Late Puaroan of Port Waikato are incorrect, most are now included in Belemnopsis aucklandica

Notes on the belemnite content of the Heterian and Ohauan stages at Kawhia Harbour, New Zealand

The belemnite content of the Heterian and Ohauan stages at Kawhia Harbour is described. Six major species or groups are differentiated, each of which ranges through several hundred feet of strata. Other minor elements are also present. Belemnopsis keari Stevens is shown to be present in only a restricted group of beds in the upper part of the Waikutakuta Siltstone, and Belemnopsis alfurica (Boehm) may be present in the upper Waikutakuta Siltstone. A system of informal belemnite zones is suggested. The belemnite succession is well defined throughout most of the Heterian stage, but poorly defined in the Ohauan, and further work is required in the upper and lower parts of this stage

Complex belemnites of the Puaroan (lower-? middle Tithonian) stage in the Port Waikato Region of New Zealand

Belemnite guards range through 2700 feet of Puaroan strata in the Port Waikato region. All are Belemnopsis of the uhligi-complex. Belemnopsis aucklandica aucklandica (Hochstetter) in its most typical form may be restricted to the lower 700 feet of the sequence. Three species are described, together with what may be transitional forms. The morphology of juvenile guards is in marked contrast with that of mature specimens, and development of the adult guard is revealed by examination of internal sections. Some aspects of belemnite paleoecology are discussed. Belemnite biostratigraphy of the area is outlined and the more important fossil localities are described

Integral equations PS-3 and moduli of pants

More than a hundred years ago H.Poincare and V.A.Steklov considered a problem for the Laplace equation with spectral parameter in the boundary conditions. Today similar problems for two adjacent domains with the spectral parameter in the conditions on the common boundary of the domains arises in a variety of situations: in justification and optimization of domain decomposition method, simple 2D models of oil extraction, (thermo)conductivity of composite materials. Singular 1D integral Poincare-Steklov equation with spectral parameter naturally emerges after reducing this 2D problem to the common boundary of the domains. We present a constructive representation for the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of this integral equation in terms of moduli of explicitly constructed pants, one of the simplest Riemann surfaces with boundary. Essentially the solution of integral equation is reduced to the solution of three transcendent equations with three unknown numbers, moduli of pants. The discreet spectrum of the equation is related to certain surgery procedure ('grafting') invented by B.Maskit (1969), D.Hejhal (1975) and D.Sullivan- W.Thurston (1983).Comment: 27 pages, 13 figure

A Semiclassical Approach to Level Crossing in Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics

Much use has been made of the techniques of supersymmetric quantum mechanics (SUSY QM) for studying bound-state problems characterized by a superpotential $\phi(x)$. Under the analytic continuation $\phi(x) \to i\phi(x)$, a pair of superpartner bound-state problems is transformed into a two-state level-crossing problem in the continuum. The description of matter-enhanced neutrino flavor oscillations involves a level-crossing problem. We treat this with the techniques of supersymmetric quantum mechanics. For the benefit of those not familiar with neutrino oscillations and their description, enough details are given to make the rest of the paper understandable. Many other level-crossing problems in physics are of exactly the same form. Particular attention is given to the fact that different semiclassical techniques yield different results. The best result is obtained with a uniform approximation that explicitly recognizes the supersymmetric nature of the system.Comment: 15 pages, Latex with lamuphys and psfig macros. Talk by first Author at the UIC "Supersymmetry and Integrable Models Workshop", Chicago, June 12-14, 1997; proceedings to be published in Springer Lecture Notes in Physics, H. Aratyn et al., eds. This paper also available at http://nucth.physics.wisc.edu/preprint

Kink Confinement and Supersymmetry

We analyze non-integrable deformations of two-dimensional N=1 supersymmetric quantum field theories with kink excitations. As example, we consider the multi-frequency Super Sine Gordon model. At weak coupling, this model is robust with respect to kink confinement phenomena, in contrast to the purely bosonic case. If we vary the coupling, the model presents a sequence of phase transitions, where pairs of kinks disappear from the spectrum. The phase transitions fall into two classes: the first presents the critical behaviors of the Tricritical Ising model, the second instead those of the gaussian model. In the first case, close to the critical point, the model has metastable vacua, with a spontaneously supersymmetry breaking. When the life-time of the metastable vacua is sufficiently long, the role of goldstino is given by the massless Majorana fermion of the Ising model. On the contrary, supersymmetry remains exact in the phase transition of the second type.Comment: 29 pages, 12 figure

Blended learning for project management

Students studying at postgraduate level should engage in learning on higher cognitive levels such as evaluation and creation. The notion of effective learning at this level is characterised by the student’s ability to use acquired knowledge and principles to solve complex problems. Learning theories advocate maximising student engagement with the learning resources in order to facilitate such effective learning. This can be achieved by addressing the following factors in curriculum design: accessibility, variety, formative assessment and the development of learning communities. This paper presents work done on a postgraduate level Project Management course to maximise the factors mentioned above, for example, with the introduction of automatically marked quizzes and the re-structuring of the course content. The content and delivery of the course was changed from weekly lectures and tutorial sessions (old system) to a web-based blended learning system (new system). Evaluation of the old and new systems was undertaken using questionnaires. The student evaluation suggests that the new system led to more effective learning. It is suggested that effective learning can be facilitated by a blended learning system