Appendix A: Storytelling in the School Library Media Center: Bibliography and Resources

published or submitted for publicatio

Heparan sulfate proteoglycan is an important attachment factor for cell entry of Akabane and Schmallenberg viruses

Akabane (AKAV) and Schmallenberg (SBV) viruses are Orthobunyavirus transmitted by arthropod vectors with a broad cellular tropism in vitro as well as in vivo Both AKAV and SBV cause arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome in ruminants. The main cellular receptor and attachment factor for entry of these orthobunyaviruses are unknown. Here, we found that AKAV and SBV infections were inhibited by the addition of heparin or enzymatic removal of cell surface heparan sulfates. To confirm this finding, we prepared heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG)-knockout (KO) cells by using a CRISPR/Cas9 system and measured the binding quantities of these viruses to cell surfaces. We observed a substantial reduction in AKAV and SBV binding to cells, limiting the infections by these viruses. These data demonstrate that HSPGs are important cellular attachment factors for AKAV and SBV, at least in vitro, to promote virus replication in susceptive cells. Importance: AKAV and SBV are the etiological agents of arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome in ruminants, which causes considerable economic losses in the livestock industry. Here, we identified heparan sulfate proteoglycan as a major cellular attachment factor for the entry of AKAV and SBV. Moreover, we found that heparin is a strong inhibitor of AKAV and SBV infections. Revealing the molecular mechanisms of virus-host interactions is critical in order to understand virus biology and develop novel live attenuated vaccines

Evolution of replication efficiency following infection with a molecularly cloned feline immunodeficiency virus of low virulence

The development of an effective vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus is considered to be the most practicable means of controlling the advancing global AIDS epidemic. Studies with the domestic cat have demonstrated that vaccinal immunity to infection can be induced against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV); however, protection is largely restricted to laboratory strains of FIV and does not extend to primary strains of the virus. We compared the pathogenicity of two prototypic vaccine challenge strains of FIV derived from molecular clones; the laboratory strain PET<sub>F14</sub> and the primary strain GL8<sub>414</sub>. PET<sub>F14</sub> established a low viral load and had no effect on CD4<sup>+</sup>- or CD8<sup>+</sup>- lymphocyte subsets. In contrast, GL8<sub>414</sub> established a high viral load and induced a significant reduction in the ratio of CD4<sup>+</sup> to CD8<sup>+</sup> lymphocytes by 15 weeks postinfection, suggesting that PET<sub>F14</sub> may be a low-virulence-challenge virus. However, during long-term monitoring of the PET<sub>F14</sub>-infected cats, we observed the emergence of variant viruses in two of three cats. Concomitant with the appearance of the variant viruses, designated 627<sub>W135</sub> and 628<sub>W135</sub>, we observed an expansion of CD8<sup>+</sup>-lymphocyte subpopulations expressing reduced CD8 ß-chain, a phenotype consistent with activation. The variant viruses both carried mutations that reduced the net charge of the V3 loop (K409Q and K409E), giving rise to a reduced ability of the Env proteins to both induce fusion and to establish productive infection in CXCR4-expressing cells. Further, following subsequent challenge of naïve cats with the mutant viruses, the viruses established higher viral loads and induced more marked alterations in CD8<sup>+</sup>-lymphocyte subpopulations than did the parent F14 strain of virus, suggesting that the E409K mutation in the PET<sub>F14</sub> strain contributes to the attenuation of the virus

Practical Example of Introductory Engineering Education Based on the Design Process and Teaching Methodology Using a Gyro Bicycle

This report describes a workshop on the Dynamics of Machinery based on the fabrication of a gyro- bicycle in a summer school program for junior high school students. The workshop was conducted by engineering students who had completed “Creative Research”, an engineering design course at the National Institute of Technology, Okinawa College (Okinawa KOSEN). The paper reports on the approximately one month run-up to the workshop and describes the classroom scene on the day of presentation. At the close of the workshop, participants were asked to complete an evaluative questionnaire. Responses were quite positive with respect to the lecture slides, guidance and workshop content. On the instructor side, it was confirmed that to promote student understanding, communications and teaching skills are crucial, although it has a passive impression for the achievement level of the workshop

Ultrafast nematic-orbital excitation in FeSe

The electronic nematic phase is an unconventional state of matter that spontaneously breaks the rotational symmetry of electrons. In iron-pnictides/chalcogenides and cuprates, the nematic ordering and fluctuations have been suggested to have as-yet-unconfirmed roles in superconductivity. However, most studies have been conducted in thermal equilibrium, where the dynamical property and excitation can be masked by the coupling with the lattice. Here we use femtosecond optical pulse to perturb the electronic nematic order in FeSe. Through time-, energy-, momentum- and orbital-resolved photo-emission spectroscopy, we detect the ultrafast dynamics of electronic nematicity. In the strong-excitation regime, through the observation of Fermi surface anisotropy, we find a quick disappearance of the nematicity followed by a heavily-damped oscillation. This short-life nematicity oscillation is seemingly related to the imbalance of Fe 3dxz and dyz orbitals. These phenomena show critical behavior as a function of pump fluence. Our real-time observations reveal the nature of the electronic nematic excitation instantly decoupled from the underlying lattice

長崎県のレジャー市場に関する一考察

近年、外食市場はレジャー市場において枢要な地位を確立している。本研究では、長崎県佐世保市を研究対象とした外食市場の実証分析を通して、地方都市におけるレジャー市場の一斑を解明することを主眼とした。具体的には、外食の中でも比較的娯楽性が高いと思われる近年流行の「ランチバイキング」に注目した。競合分析、顧客分析を中心に、当該地域市場の外部環境が明らかとなった。It is said that in recent years the restaurant industry has established an important business system in collaboration with the leisure and entertainment industries in Japan. How this system operates and under what initiatives, however, is not well known. Therefore the purpose of this research is to clearly explain this system and its operation. The subject area I have chosen is the restaurant market of the city of Sasebo in Nagasaki Prefecture. Logically, I have chosen those buffet restaurants that market their food with a high degree of entertainment. In the process of this research, I analyzed the market strategy that seems to have been most successful, and customer characteristics that seem to have set the trends for the restaurant business in the city of Sasebo. Through this research a portion of the status quo of restaurant business in a local municipality has been understood. The findings of that analysis have are summarized below : 12 such buffet restaurants exist in the Sasebo city area and were included in this research. Firstly, a bipolarization trend in terms of pricing and food quality was also found in the Sasebo area. This trend is common throughout Japan. However, the pricing practice of the Sasebo area seems to have taken into consideration a wide swath of the local populations\u27 incomes, and therefore the pricing was set low and has attracted a multitude of customers. Concerning mass marketing establishments, large size national chain stores have become able to attract a multitude of customers, but medium to small local business establishments are in an intense competition with these "giant" national restaurants and challenge that dominance. As for the tourists/customers from distant areas they tend to concentrate in highly accessible establishments. It is said that in recent years the restaurant industry has established an important business system in collaboration with the leisure and entertainment industries in Japan