Graph grammars with string-regulated rewriting

Multicellular organisms undergo a complex developmental process, orchestrated by the genetic information in their cells, in order to form a newborn individual from a fertilized egg. This complex process, not completely understood yet, is believed to have a key role in generating the impressive biotic diversity of organisms found on earth. Inspired by mechanisms of Eukaryotic genetic expression, we propose and analyse graph grammars with string-regulated rewriting. In these grammatical systems a genome sequence is represented by a regulatory string, a graph corresponds to an organism, and a set of graph grammar rules represents different forms of implementing cell division. Accordingly, a graph derivation by the graph grammar resembles the developmental process of an organism. We give examples of the concept and compare its generative power to the power of the traditional context-free graph grammars. We demonstrate that the power of expression increases when genetic regulation is included in the model, as compared to non-regulated grammars. Additionally, we propose a hierarchy of string-regulated graph grammars, arranged by expressive power. These results highlight the key role that the transmission of regulatory information during development has in the emergence of biological diversity.D.L. was supported in part by a research stay fellowship at Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg from the Spanish Ministerio de Educación

Hardware implemented low latency wireless medium access control protocols for highest data throughput

Der Fortschritt der Technik ermöglicht immer leistungsfähigere drahtlose Dienste mit hohen Anforderungen an Latenz, Jitter und Übertragungsgeschwindigkeit. Aktuelle digitale Protokolle für drahtgebundene hochauflösende Multimediaübertragungen (HDMI, DisplayPort) oder Peripherieschnittstellen (USB, PCIe, SATA) in der Computertechnik erreichen Datenraten im Multi-Gigabit Bereich. Die Übertragung der Inhalte z.B. Filme, Musikstreaming oder Dateiübertragungen mit Hilfe breitbandiger drahtloser Übertragungsverfahren vereinfacht die kabellose „Installation“ und die daraus folgende Benutzerfreundlichkeit (Mobilität) im Heimbereich (Indoor). Weiterhin werden Systeme mit hohen Datenraten und kleinen Latenzen unter 5 ms im Mobilfunkbereich benötigt, um Basisstationen (3G, LTE) mit dem Kernnetzwerk zu verbinden. Diese Backhaul-Verbindungen können auch im innerstädtischen Bereich zum Aufbau von Small-Cell-Installationen genutzt werden, da nicht immer eine Kabelverlegung möglich ist. Eine Verkettung der Verbindungen vergrößert den Abstand zum Zugangspunkt des Kernnetzes und stellt zusätzliche Anschlußpunkte für Basisstationen bereit. Allerdings vergrößert sich auch die Latenz für die weiter entfernten Stationen. In dieser Arbeit wird ein MAC-Protokoll für hochratige und latenzarme drahtlose Verbindungen vorgestellt. Dazu werden sowohl Punkt-zu-Punkt- als auch Punkt-zu-Mehrpunkt-Verbindungen auf ihre speziellen Anforderungen bei der Implementierung der MAC-Komponenten in einer programmierbaren Hardware (FPGA) analysiert. Eine Integration des MAC-Protokolls zusammen mit einem OFDM-Basisbandprozessor mit Brutto-Datenraten größer 5 GBit/s erlaubt die Überprüfung der Funktionalität sowie die Messung wichtiger Protokollparameter unter realen Einsatzbedingungen. Das vorgeschlagene Medienzugriffsprotokoll unterstützt den Einsatz von Beamsteering-Verfahren zur Suche von benachbarten Kommunikationsteilnehmern und den gleichzeitigen räumlich getrennten Kanalzugriff mehrerer Kommunikationsteilnehmer. Eine Anwendungsschnittstelle für nutzerspezifische Implementierungen mit exklusivem Zugriff auf das Übertragungsmedium erleichtert die Integration zusätzlicher Funktionalität wie z.B. eine hochauflösende Entfernungsmessung. Weiterhin wird ein Verfahren zur latenzarmen Detektierung und Umschaltung blockierter Pfade vorgestellt. Umfangreiche Simulationen bestätigen die Funktionalität des MAC-Protokolls in unterschiedlichen Szenarien mit und ohne Übertragungsfehler.The progress in the technology leads to higher performance of wireless services with high requirements in latency, jitter, and data rates. Current digital protocols for wired high definition multimedia transmissions (HDMI, Display Port) or peripheral interfaces (USB, PCIe, SATA) reach data rates in the order of several gigabits per second. The transmission of the content, e.g., movie and music streaming, or file transfers with broadband wireless transmission techniques allows more easy setup procedures and results in better usability in indoor environments. The infrastructure for mobile services requires transmission systems with high data rates and low latencies of below 5 ms for connecting mobile base stations to the core network. These connections can also be used for building up small-cells in the inner cities, because in some cases there are no wired connections possible. The daisy-chaining of the connections increases the distance between the core network and provides additional access points for the mobile base stations. However, the latency is increasing for stations with higher distance between them. This work presents a MAC protocol for high data rate and low latency connections. Therefore, the requirements for the integration of the components of the MAC protocol in a programmable hardware (FPGA) are analyzed for point-to-point and point-to-multi-point connections. The integration of the MAC protocol together with an OFDM baseband processor with gross data rates of about 5 GBit/s allows the test of the functionality and the measurement of important parameters of the protocol under real operational conditions. The proposed MAC protocol supports the use of beamsteering methods for searching of stations in the neighborhood and allows simultaneous space division access of stations. Additionally, a method for low latency detection and switching of blocked connections is presented. An application interface for user-defined implementations can assign exclusive access to the transfer medium. This facilitates the integration of additional functionality, e.g., high definition measurements of distances (ranging). Exhaustive simulations confirm the functionality of the MAC protocol in different scenarios with and without transmission errors

Horizontal and Vertical Structuring Techniques for Statecharts

In this paper we present an algebraic approach to statecharts as they are used in the Statemate tool in the style of "Petri-Nets are Monoids" for place-transition nets developed by Meseguer and Montanari. We apply the framework of high-level-replacement systems, a categorical generalization of graph transformation systems, in order to de#ne union as horizontal as well as transformation and re#nementasvertical structuring techniques for statecharts. The #rst main result shows compatibility of union and transformation in a suitable category of statecharts. We present an algorithm for the computation of all transitions enabled within one step. The second main result shows the correctness of this algorithm. We de#ne re#nement morphisms for statecharts, which allow re#nement of arbitrary states, in contrast to concepts in the literature where only basic and root states are subject of re#nement. The third main result shows that re#nement morphisms are compatible with the behavio..

60-GHz-Multimode-Chip-Satz und Demonstrator (EASY-A/IHP) : Schlussbericht

[no abstract available

A Synthetic Haematite Reference Material for LA‐ICP‐MS U‐Pb Geochronology and Application to Iron Oxide‐Cu‐Au Systems

In both nature and synthetic experiments, the common iron oxide haematite (α‐Fe2O3) can incorporate significant amounts of U into its crystal structure and retain radiogenic Pb over geological time. Haematite is a ubiquitous component of many ore deposit types and, therefore, represents a valuable hydrothermal mineral geochronometer, allowing direct constraints to be placed on the timing of ore formation and upgrading. However, to date, no suitable natural haematite reference material has been identified. Here, a synthetic haematite U‐Pb reference material (MR‐HFO) is characterised using LA‐ICP‐MS and ID‐TIMS. Centimetre‐scale ‘chips’ of synthesised α‐Fe2O3 were randomly microsampled via laser ablation‐extraction and analysed using ID‐TIMS. Reproducible U/Pb and Pb/Pb measurements were obtained across four separate chips (n = 13). Subsequently, an evaluation of the suitability MR‐HFO in constraining U‐Pb data via LA‐ICP‐MS is presented using a selection of natural samples ranging from Cenozoic to Proterozoic in age. The MR‐HFO normalised U‐Pb ratios are more concordant and ages more accurate versus the same LA‐ICP‐MS spot analyses normalised to zircon reference material, when compared with independently acquired ID‐TIMS data from the same natural haematite grains. Results establish MR‐HFO as a suitable reference material for LA‐ICP‐MS haematite U‐Pb geochronology

Deliverable 6.2: Trials and experimentation (cycle 2)

This deliverable presents the second cycle of trials and experimentation activities executed over 5GENESIS facilities. The document is the continuation of deliverable D6.1, in the sense that it captures tests carried out over the evolved infrastructures hosting 5GENESIS facilities following the methodology defined in D6.1. In this document 8 main KPIs and 4 application specific validation trials achieved, under 123 experiments that performed in total. The tests focus more on i) the evolved 5G infrastructure deployments that includes radio and core elements in non-standalone (NSA) deployment configurations based on commercial and open implementations, and ii) the use of Open 5GENESIS Suite for the execution of the tests.5GENESI

Lipid bilayers: Phase behavior and nanomechanics

International audienceLipid membranes are involved in many physiological processes like recognition, signaling, fusion or remodeling of the cell membrane or some of its internal compartments. Within the cell, they are the ultimate barrier, while maintaining the fluidity or flexibility required for a myriad of processes, including membrane protein assembly. The physical properties of in vitro model membranes as model cell membranes have been extensively studied with a variety of techniques, from classical thermodynamics to advanced modern microscopies. Here we review the nanomechanics of solid-supported lipid membranes with a focus in their phase behavior. Relevant information obtained by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) as complementary techniques in the nano/mesoscale interface is presented. Membrane morphological and mechanical characterization will be discussed in the framework of its phase behavior, phase transitions and coexistence, in simple and complex models, and upon the presence of cholesterol