Legislating for Air Quality Management: Reducing Theory to Practice

What does it mean to bootstrap a compiler, and why do it? This paper reports on the first bootstrapping of a full-scale EOO (Equation-based Object-Oriented) modeling language such as Modelica. Bootstrapping means that the compiler of a language can compile itself. However, the usual application area for the Modelica is modeling and simulation of complex physical systems. Fortunately it turns out that with some minor extensions, the Modelica language is well suited for the modeling of language semantics. We use the name MetaModelica for this slightly extended Modelica. This is a prerequisite for bootstrapping which requires that the language can be used to model and/or implement itself. The OpenModelica Compiler (OMC) has been written in this MetaModelica language. It originally supported only the standard Modelica language but has been gradually extended to also cover the MetaModelica language extensions. After substantial work, OMC is able to quickly compile itself and produces an executable with good performance. The benefits include a more extensible and maintainable compiler by introducing improved language constructs and a more powerful runtime that makes it easy to add functionality such as parser generators, debuggers, and profiling tools. Future work includes extracting and restructuring parts of OMC, making the compiler smaller and more modular and extensible. This will also make it easier to interface with OMC, making it possible to create more powerful and user-friendly OpenModelica-based tools. The compiler and its bootstrapping is a major effort -- it is currently about 330 000 lines of code, and the MetaModelica extensions are used routinely by approximately ten developers on a daily basis

The Roberta Mitchell Lecture: Structuring Responsibility in Securitization Transactions

In this Lecture, Professor Schwarcz examines how complex securitization transactions may have created a “protection gap,” the conundrum that transaction parties may be unable to purchase or might not want to pay the price for full protection. As a result, they sometimes choose or are forced to assume the good faith of the other parties to the transaction and the consistency and completeness of protections provided in the transaction documents

Kan den nordliga rotgallnematoden, Meloidogyne hapla, bekämpas med svampen Clonostachys rosea? : en experimentell studie

The northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, is causing great economical losses to growers worldwide. There is a need for alternative control measures that are environmentally sustainable and effective against the nematode. Biological control is one promising control measure and there are multiple biological control agents on the market against fungal pathogens and insects. One such biocontrol agent is the fungus Clonostachys rosea. In this experiment the biocontrol effect of C. rosea against the root-knot nematode M. hapla was evaluated. The investigation included an antibiosis in vitro experiment and a pot experiment with carrot and lettuce under controlled conditions. Additionally, the effect from drought on M. hapla infection and C. rosea biocontrol was tested. Drought increased the infection by M. hapla on carrot and caused a significant (P < 0,001) decrease in fresh and dry root weight and shoot dry weight, indicating a higher parasitic effect on plant mass of infected plants during dryer periods in cultivated fields of carrot. No biological control effect from C. rosea on M. hapla was detected, nor any growth promoting effects from the fungus on the plants. However, plants treated with C. rosea showed an increased tolerance towards drought stress by not showing significant distinction between plant mass under normal and drought conditions, which was seen in the other treatments. Though, an error due to a high buildup of roots in the peat soil made it difficult to count the galls on plant roots, affecting the result of biocontrol effect and actual nematode infection. The use of sand might have simplified the rinse of the roots and a more accurate result could have been obtained

Judicial Independence and Democratic Accountability in Highest State Courts

Carrington notes that because judges in trial and intermediate courts are accountable to highest courts, it is the latter that are responsible for keeping the faith with democratic traditions

Deriving morality from rationality -A defence of the rationalchoice framework of David Gauthier's moral theory

In this essay I will argue that any plausible moral theory should be able to provide a good answer to the question "why should I be moral"? This is the question of moral motivation. I will further suggest that a contractarian moral theory, such as that of David Gauthier,1 provides a plausible answer to this question. And that the ability to do this is due to the rational-choice framework of the contractarian theory. A moral theory that is able to provide an answer to the question of moral motivation is theoretically superior to other theories since it provides some foundations of morals.2 Anyone who wants to claim superiority of some other type of moral theory, a theory not grounded in rational-choice, will either have to deny the importance that I give to moral motivation and perhaps also deny the possibility of rational foundations in moral philosophy or show how their own theory gives an equally good answer to the question of moral motivation

La politique budgétaire stabilisée

En 2005, la politique budgétaire n’apparaît plus comme l’élément dominant de la différence des performances de croissance entre les États-Unis et la zone euro. Après des impulsions budgétaires de 1,2 point de PIB en moyenne depuis 2001, la contribution de la politique budgétaire américaine à la croissance serait négative en 2005. En 2005, le déficit budgétaire de la zone euro se détériorerait légèrement, avec l’abandon d’une politique discrétionnaire restrictive, l’impulsion devenant légèrement positive. Cinq pays appartenant à la zone euro, la France, l’Allemagne, l’Italie, le Portugal et la Grèce, présenteraient un déficit encore supérieur à 3 % en 2005 et en 2006. L’assouplissement du volet répressif du Pacte de stabilité, lors de la réforme intervenue en mars 2005, n’aurait pourtant pas engendré en 2005 un écart du déficit par rapport aux objectifs des Programmes de stabilité supérieur à celui réalisé sur la période 2001-2004. Mais le cycle électoral s’annonçant en Italie en 2006 et en France en 2007 constituerait un risque de dérive par rapport aux objectifs affichés dans les lois de Finances pour 2006. Aux États-Unis, en revanche, l’abandon d’une orientation budgétaire restrictive interromprait la réduction du déficit public, rendant plus risquée la gestion des déséquilibres internes et externes

Broad Exemptions in Animal-Cruelty Statutes Unconstitutionally Deny Equal Protection of the Law

Part of a special issue on animal law and policy. The writer discusses the nine exemptions that have been appended over the years to North Carolina\u27s criminal animal-cruelty statute (section 14-360). Those who have benefited from the exemptions include medical researchers, persons raising livestock, hunters, and veterinarians. However, these exemptions deprive nonprotected actors of equal protection under the law and that, under the remedial law employed in North Carolina, any defendant prosecuted for violating section 14-360 has standing to assert thestatute\u27s invalidity due to its Part of a special issue on animal law and policy. The writer discusses the nine exemptions that have been appended over the years to North Carolina\u27s criminal animal-cruelty statute (section 14-360). Those who have benefited from the exemptions include medical researchers, persons raising livestock, hunters, and veterinarians. However, these exemptions deprive nonprotected actors of equal protection under the law and that, under the remedial law employed in North Carolina, any defendant prosecuted for violating section 14-360 has standing to assert the statute\u27s invalidity due to its discriminatory exemption. In order to overcome this constitutional defect, the exemptions must be excised from the statute

Genomförbarhetsanalys av återintroduktion av stortrapp (Otis tarda) till Sverige

The great bustard (Otis tarda) became extinct in Sweden during the mid-19th century. Globally, populations have suffered dramatic declines during the past two centuries. Recently, local populations have stabilized or increased after hunting bans and conservation efforts. Despite positive trends the species is still classified by IUCN as vulnerable (VU), mainly due to withdrawals in the distribution. The limited distribution emphasizes the need for finding “new” areas suitable for a translocation or reintroduction. This thesis investigates the history of the great bustard in Sweden and analyses suitable habitats, current bustard conservation methods, and socioeconomic impacts of a reintroduction. As a flagship species a reintroduction of the great bustard could induce conservation efforts and tourism in agricultural regions. Areas with potentially good habitat large enough to sustain a bustard population can be found in both Skåne and Öland.Stortrappen (Otis tarda) dog ut i Sverige under mitten av 1800-talet. Även världs- populationen har drastiskt minskat under de senaste två århundradena tills nyligen. Idag har dock flera populationer stabiliserats eller ökat efter naturvårdsinsatser och jaktförbud, vilket gör att den totala världs-populationen är stabil. Trots delvis positiva populationstrender så är arten fortfarande rödlistad i kategorin sårbar (VU) eftersom artens totala utbredningsområde fortfarande minskar. När artens utbredning minskar så ökar behovet av att hitta ”nya” lämpliga återintroduktionsområden för att säkra stortrappens fortlevnad på lång sikt. Den här uppsatsen behandlar stortrappens historik i Sverige, aktuella naturvårdsåtgärder för stortrapp utomlands samt analyserar lämpliga habitat och socioekonomiska konsekvenser vid en återintroduktion av stortrapp. Eftersom stortrappen är en flaggskeppsart för öppna gräsmarker så skulle en återintroduktion kunna medföra fler naturvårdsinsatser och en ökad turism i de aktuella jordbruksområdena. Både i Skåne och på Öland så förefaller det som tillräckligt stora områden med lämpliga habitat finns för att kunna bära en stortrappspopulation