Solenoid hammer valve developed for quick-opening requirements

Quick-opening lightweight solenoid hammer valve requires a low amount of electrical energy to open, and closes by the restoring action of the mechanical springs. This design should be applicable to many quick-opening requirements in fluid systems

Communication, Affect, & Learning in the Classroom

The purpose of the handbook was to synthesize the first three decades of research in instructional communication into a single volume that could help both researchers and instructors understand the value of communication in the instructional process.Preface1.Teaching As a Communication Process The Instructional Communication Process The Teacher The Content The Instructional Strategy The Student The Feedback/Evaluation The Learning Environment/Instructional Context Kibler’s Model of Instruction The ADDIE Model of Instructional Design2.Communicating With Instructional Objectives Why Some Teachers Resent Objectives The Value of Objectives What Objectives Should Communicate3.Instructional Communication Strategies The Teacher As a Speaker The Teacher As a Moderator The Teacher As a Trainer The Teacher As a Manager The Teacher As a Coordinator & Innovator4.Communication, Affect, and Student Needs Measuring Student Affect Basic Academic Needs of Students Traditional Interpersonal Need Models Outcomes of Meeting Student Needs5.Learning Styles What is Learning Style? Dimensions of Learning Style and Their Assessment Matching, Bridging, and Style-Flexing6.Classroom Anxieties and Fears Communication Apprehension Receiver Apprehension Writing Apprehension Fear of Teacher Evaluation Apprehension Classroom Anxiety Probable Causes of Classroom Anxiety Communication Strategies for Reducing Classroom Anxiety7.Communication And Student Self-Concept Student Self-Concept: Some Definitions Characteristics of the Self Development of Student Self-Concept Dimensions of Student Self-Concept Self-Concept and Academic Achievement Effects of Self-Concept on Achievement Poker Chip Theory of Learning Communication Strategies for Nurturing and Building Realistic Student Self-Concept8.Instructional Assessment:Feedback,Grading, and Affect Defining the Assessment Process Evaluative Feedback Descriptive Feedback Assessment and Affect Competition and Cooperation in Learning Environments9.Traditional and Mastery Learning Systems Traditional Education Systems Mastery Learning Modified Mastery Learning10.Student Misbehavior and Classroom Management Why Students Misbehave Categories of Student Behaviors Students’ Effects on Affect in the Classroom Communication, Affect, and Classroom Management Communication Techniques for Increasing or Decreasing Student Behavior11.Teacher Misbehaviors and Communication Why Teachers Misbehave Common Teacher Misbehaviors Implications for the Educational Systems12.Teacher Self-Concept and Communication Dimensions of Teacher Self-Concept Development of Teacher Self-Concept Strategies for Increasing Teacher Self-Concept13.Increasing Classroom Affect Through Teacher Communication Style Communicator Style Concept Types of Communicator Styles Teacher Communication Style Teacher Communicator Behaviors That Build Affect14.Teacher Temperament in the Classroom Four Personality Types Popular Sanguine Perfect Melancholy Powerful Choleric Peaceful Phlegmatic Personality Blends15.Teacher Communication: Performance and Burnout Teaching: A Multifaceted Job Roles of an Instructional Manager Teacher Burnout Symptoms of Teacher Burnout Causes of Teacher Burnout Methods for Avoiding Burnout Mentoring to Prevent BurnoutAppendix A To Mrs. Russell: Without You This Never Would Have HappenedGlossaryInde

Full orbit simulations of collisional impurity transport in spherical tokamak plasmas with strongly-sheared electric fields

The collisional dynamics of test impurity ions in spherical tokamak plasmas with strongly-sheared radial electric fields is investigated by means of a test particle full orbit simulation code. The strength of the shear is such that the standard drift ordering can no longer be assumed and a full orbit approach is required. The effect of radial electric field shear on neoclassical particle transport is quantified for a range of test particle mass and charge numbers and electric field parameters. It is shown that the effect of a sheared electric field is to enhance the confinement of impurity species above the level observed in the absence of such a field. The effect may be explained in terms of a collisional drag force drift, which is proportional to particle charge number but independent of particle mass. This drift acts inwards for negative radial electric fields and outwards for positive fields, implying strongly enhanced confinement of highly ionized impurity ions in the presence of a negative radial electric field.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Nuclear Fusio

Commentary on the Film The Sorrow and the Pity

David Wrench was Professor of Psychology and Urban Studies at Portland State University. Dr. Wrench discusses the film The Sorrow and the Pity (1969) from a social-psychological viewpoint, in contrast to the moralistic view of the other conference speakers. He sees history and psychology as closely related which has led to his special interest in psycho-history. His comments include a discussion of how people distort their perceptions of history, and the differences shown in human responses to authority and group pressure

Assessment of the performance of the Chilbolton 3-GHz Advanced Meteorological radar for cloud-top height retrieval

The Chilbolton 3-GHz Advanced Meteorological Radar (CAMRa), which is mounted on a fully steerable 25 metre dish, can provide three-dimensional information on the presence of hydrometeors. We investigate the potential for this radar to make useful measurements of low-altitude liquid water cloud structure. In order to assess the cloud-height assignment capabilities of the 3-GHz radar, low-level cloud-top heights were retrieved from CAMRa measurements made between May and July 2003 and compared with cloud-top heights retrieved from a vertically pointing 94-GHz radar that operates alongside CAMRa. The average difference between 94-GHz and 3-GHz radar derived cloud-top heights is shown to be -0.1±0.4 km. In order to assess the capability of 3-GHz radar scans to be used for satellite-derived cloud-top height validation, Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) cloud-top heights were compared with both 94-GHz and 3-GHz radar retrievals. The average difference between 94-GHz radar and MISR cloud-top heights is shown to be 0.1±0.3 km while the 3-GHz radar and MISR average cloud-top height difference is shown to be –0.2±0.6 km. In assessing the value of the CAMRa measurements, the problems associated with low reflectivity values from stratiform liquid water clouds, ground clutter, and Bragg scattering resulting from turbulent mixing are all addressed. We show that in spite of the difficulties, the potential exists for CAMRa measurements to contribute significantly to liquid water cloud-top height retrievals leading to the production of twodimensional transects (i.e. maps) of cloud-top height

Molecular mechanisms of follicular lymphoma and its transformation

PhDFollicular lymphoma (FL) is the second most common form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and at least a third of cases undergo aggressive transformation (t-FL), most frequently to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. This study examined the role of germline and acquired genetic changes in FL and t-FL to determine prognostically significant events and chart the evolution of transformation. Assessment of germline polymorphic variation in over 200 FL cases demonstrated two SNPs in the HLA region of chromosome 6p (rs10484561 and rs6457327) associate with FL risk in the UK and identified that rs6457327 predicts both time to and risk of transformation independently of clinical variables, including the FLIPI. Mutation and expression studies of the single known gene in linkage disequilibrium with rs6457327 (C6orf15) suggest an alternative mechanism is responsible for this transformation association. DNA copy number and mutational analysis of FL and t-FL samples then revealed a high prevalence of TNFSRF14 and EZH2 mutations at transformation accompanied by frequent loss and gain of their genomic locations on chromosome 1p and 7q, respectively. In a search for co-operating genetic events, genome-wide profiling identified recurrent losses and gains ranging from 4 kb to 60 Mb with gain 2p16.1-p15 (including REL) predictive of worse survival in FL that transforms. In >50% of transformed cases, FL DNA contained either copy number aberrations or mutations that were absent from subsequent t-FL. This suggested FL and t-FL might develop non-sequentially from a common cell of origin. To further explore the evolution of FL and t-FL, IGH-V somatic-hypermutation (SHM) analysis was performed in sequential FL / t-FL samples. t-FL clones were detected in FL samples taken many months prior to clinical presentation of transformation and, furthermore, the predicted SHM patterns of putative precursors were detected in both FL and t-FL samples indicating that a (long-lived) common progenitor cell could indeed give rise to both FL and subsequent t-FL by divergent clonal evolution

Non-Appropriation, No Problem: The Outer Space Treaty Is Ready for Asteroid Mining

Has technology outrun the international law governing outer space? This dilemma presents itself as private entities become capable of space travel and new technology makes asteroid mining a reality. Although the Outer Space Treaty\u27s non-appropriation principle prohibits nations from claiming sovereignty over space bodies, that restriction does not prevent resource extraction. The non-appropriation principle, interpreted alongside existing legal regimes, distinguishes between forbidden appropriation and permissible extraction. Consequently, the non-appropriation principle is most accurately viewed as a flexible premise from which the international community is free to fashion unique laws governing resource extraction in outer space

Regulation of cellular senescence in COPD small airway fibroblasts

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung condition associated with small airway obstruction due to fibrosis and airway collapse (small airways disease (SAD)). COPD is associated with cellular senescence; by which cells undergo irreversible growth arrest and can be induced by stressors such as oxidative stress. Senescent cells are not inert but remain metabolically active expressing the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), that induces inflammation and tissue remodelling. Fibroblasts deposit extracellular matrix (ECM) and may facilitate SAD. Senescence is associated with a pro-fibrotic fibroblast phenotype in fibrotic lung disease, however only parenchymal-derived fibroblasts have been studied in this context in COPD. Whether small airway-derived fibroblasts (SAF) are senescent in COPD and how this contributes to SAD is largely unknown. SAF from age-matched non-smokers, smokers and COPD patients were examined for their senescent and fibrotic characteristics, and whether oxidative stress induces this phenotype. To better understand the pathways involved in driving senescence and if this is linked to a fibrotic phenotype, a senescent-enriched population of COPD SAF was isolated using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and studied further. Markers of senescence were increased in COPD SAF compared to non-smoker SAF. These included SASP mediators that can promote fibrosis. COPD SAF trended towards depositing more collagen type III compared to non-smoker SAF. Oxidative stress-induced cellular senescence and pro-fibrotic mediator expression but did not elevate ECM expression in this model. Using FACS, a senescence-enriched population of SAF was isolated, as determined by senescence marker expression and displayed increased ECM markers expression and a SASP that may influence fibrosis. This study suggests COPD SAF are senescent and possibly associated with fibrotic properties. Oxidative stress can mediate this senescent phenotype but needs further exploration for its contribution to fibrosis. Targeting of cellular senescence in SAF may limit fibrosis and therefore the progression of SAD.Open Acces

Optical monitoring system

Instrument can measure optical transmission, reflectance, and scattering. This information can be used to identify changes in optical properties or deviations from required optical standards. Device consists of monochromatic source, photo detector, transfer mirror, and hemiellipsoid. System might be used to measure optical properties of thin film

Balancing Free Expression and Religious Feelings in E.S. v. Austria: Blasphemy by Any Other Name?

The European Court of Human Rights’ 2018 decision in E.S. v. Austria upheld an Austrian court’s conviction based on “disparaging religious doctrine.” The Court took this opportunity to reaffirm problematic, decades-old precedent, while creating new contradictions in its analysis of free expression claims. Despite the EU’s modern opposition to the criminalization of blasphemy, E.S. v. Austria in effect sends a contradictory message. This Comment explores the roots of the Court’s struggle to find an appropriate balance between the values of religious tolerance and freedom of expression, analyzes the Court’s recent decision, and suggests future paths to recalibrate the Court’s approach to these two fundamental rights