Le patrimoine de l’industrie en Inde

Cet article met en évidence le patrimoine industriel de l’Inde ainsi que son état actuel. A travers quelques exemples qui nous permettent de comprendre l’influence technologique des pays occidentaux, notamment de la Grande-Bretagne, nous examinons le développement de la technologie moderne en Inde. Par ailleurs, ces exemples nous aident à effectuer une analyse critique de l’état actuel de ces vestiges industriels qui sont pour la plupart dans un état déplorable. Ceci est majoritairement dû au fait qu’en Inde, le patrimoine industriel n’est pas encore reconnu comme un élément important qui aide à mieux comprendre l’histoire sociale, culturelle et politique du pays. A travers notre étude, nous tâchons de répondre principalement à cette question fondamentale : Quelle place, s’il y a lieu, est accordée au patrimoine industriel en Inde ?This paper aims to highlight the status of industrial heritage and its conservation in India by posing a fundamental question: what role, if any, is attributed to industrial heritage in India? Western technological influence, especially British, has played a major role in the development of modern technology in India. Through key examples, this study attempts to illustrate the material legacy of these contributions as well as its present condition. Although these industrial structures have been instrumental in shaping modern India's social, cultural and political history, industrial heritage remains a domain yet to be explored and recognized in India. Consequently, due to lack of proper conservation and management measures these structures are in ruins today

Osteoimmunopathology in HIV/AIDS: A Translational Evidence-Based Perspective

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) and the resulting acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) alter not only cellular immune regulation but also the bone metabolism. Since cellular immunity and bone metabolism are intimately intertwined in the osteoimmune network, it is to be expected that bone metabolism is also affected in patients with HIV/AIDS. The concerted evidence points convincingly toward impaired activity of osteoblasts and increased activity of osteoclasts in patients with HIV/AIDS, leading to a significant increase in the prevalence of osteoporosis. Research attributes these outcomes in part at least to the ART, PI, and HAART therapies endured by these patients. We review and discuss these lines of evidence from the perspective of translational clinically relevant complex systematic reviews for comparative effectiveness analysis and evidence-based intervention on a global scale

Challenges Predicting Ligand-Receptor Interactions of Promiscuous Proteins: The Nuclear Receptor PXR

Transcriptional regulation of some genes involved in xenobiotic detoxification and apoptosis is performed via the human pregnane X receptor (PXR) which in turn is activated by structurally diverse agonists including steroid hormones. Activation of PXR has the potential to initiate adverse effects, altering drug pharmacokinetics or perturbing physiological processes. Reliable computational prediction of PXR agonists would be valuable for pharmaceutical and toxicological research. There has been limited success with structure-based modeling approaches to predict human PXR activators. Slightly better success has been achieved with ligand-based modeling methods including quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis, pharmacophore modeling and machine learning. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis focused on prediction of 115 steroids for ligand binding activity towards human PXR. Six crystal structures were used as templates for docking and ligand-based modeling approaches (two-, three-, four- and five-dimensional analyses). The best success at external prediction was achieved with 5D-QSAR. Bayesian models with FCFP_6 descriptors were validated after leaving a large percentage of the dataset out and using an external test set. Docking of ligands to the PXR structure co-crystallized with hyperforin had the best statistics for this method. Sulfated steroids (which are activators) were consistently predicted as non-activators while, poorly predicted steroids were docked in a reverse mode compared to 5α-androstan-3β-ol. Modeling of human PXR represents a complex challenge by virtue of the large, flexible ligand-binding cavity. This study emphasizes this aspect, illustrating modest success using the largest quantitative data set to date and multiple modeling approaches

Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. Methods We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 estimation processes, as well as data sources, in accordance with Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61.7 years (95% uncertainty interval 61.4-61.9) in 1980 to 71.8 years (71.5-72.2) in 2015. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy from 2005 to 2015, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many geographies saw life expectancy stagnate or decline, particularly for men and in countries with rising mortality from war or interpersonal violence. From 2005 to 2015, male life expectancy in Syria dropped by 11.3 years (3.7-17.4), to 62.6 years (56.5-70.2). Total deaths increased by 4.1% (2.6-5.6) from 2005 to 2015, rising to 55.8 million (54.9 million to 56.6 million) in 2015, but age-standardised death rates fell by 17.0% (15.8-18.1) during this time, underscoring changes in population growth and shifts in global age structures. The result was similar for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with total deaths from these causes increasing by 14.1% (12.6-16.0) to 39.8 million (39.2 million to 40.5 million) in 2015, whereas age-standardised rates decreased by 13.1% (11.9-14.3). Globally, this mortality pattern emerged for several NCDs, including several types of cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. By contrast, both total deaths and age-standardised death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, gains largely attributable to decreases in mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS (42.1%, 39.1-44.6), malaria (43.1%, 34.7-51.8), neonatal preterm birth complications (29.8%, 24.8-34.9), and maternal disorders (29.1%, 19.3-37.1). Progress was slower for several causes, such as lower respiratory infections and nutritional deficiencies, whereas deaths increased for others, including dengue and drug use disorders. Age-standardised death rates due to injuries significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, yet interpersonal violence and war claimed increasingly more lives in some regions, particularly in the Middle East. In 2015, rotaviral enteritis (rotavirus) was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to diarrhoea (146 000 deaths, 118 000-183 000) and pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to lower respiratory infections (393 000 deaths, 228 000-532 000), although pathogen-specific mortality varied by region. Globally, the effects of population growth, ageing, and changes in age-standardised death rates substantially differed by cause. Our analyses on the expected associations between cause-specific mortality and SDI show the regular shifts in cause of death composition and population age structure with rising SDI. Country patterns of premature mortality (measured as years of life lost [YLLs]) and how they differ from the level expected on the basis of SDI alone revealed distinct but highly heterogeneous patterns by region and country or territory. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were among the leading causes of YLLs in most regions, but in many cases, intraregional results sharply diverged for ratios of observed and expected YLLs based on SDI. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases caused the most YLLs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with observed YLLs far exceeding expected YLLs for countries in which malaria or HIV/AIDS remained the leading causes of early death. Interpretation At the global scale, age-specific mortality has steadily improved over the past 35 years; this pattern of general progress continued in the past decade. Progress has been faster in most countries than expected on the basis of development measured by the SDI. Against this background of progress, some countries have seen falls in life expectancy, and age-standardised death rates for some causes are increasing. Despite progress in reducing age-standardised death rates, population growth and ageing mean that the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes are increasing in most countries, putting increased demands on health systems. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Patola textiles of Patan, 17th - 21st : cross cultural perspectives on preserving and safeguarding cultural heritage

Fabriqués dans la ville de Patan située dans l’état de Gujarat dans l’ouest de l’Inde, les textiles patola figurent parmi les plus anciens et les meilleurs textiles indiens. La particularité de ces soieries confectionnées suivant le procédé de double ikat, reste dans la complexité de sa technique de tissage ainsi que le métier à tisser utilisé dans sa fabrication. En tant que marchandises les plus précieuses, ils ont connu un succès dans le marché international dans les XVIIIe et XIXe siècles dans les pays de l’Asie du Sud-est, notamment en Indonésie. A l’heure actuelle, n’y ayant qu’une seule famille à pratiquer cette technique en Inde, un risque imminent de disparition de cet art persiste. Cette étude examine l’histoire des patola ainsi que son rôle dans le mondialisation et l’échange culturel. A travers ce travail, nous proposons des stratégies muséographiques qui pourront éventuellement servir comme base pour la conservation et valorisation de cet art mais également d’autres expressions culturelles en péril en Inde contemporaine.Created in Patan in Gujarat, patola silk is considered to be among the best handwoven silk in India. A long standing weaving tradition, the patola silks fall under the resist-dyed category of textiles where both weft and warp threads are dyed before the weaving begins. Although the patola textiles were extremely popular in the global market in the 18th and 19th centuries, especially in Indonesia, this weaving technique and the textiles face an imminent danger of extinction. Today, there is only one family in Patan that still practices this art. This research aims at examining the history of this textile and its significance in globalization and crosscultural exchange. It explores museological strategies that could generate models for preserving and valorizing this as well as other cultural expressions in danger of disappearing in contemporary India

Les textiles patola de Patan ( Inde), XVIIe et XXIe siècles : techniques, patrimoine, mémoire

Created in Patan in Gujarat, patola silk is considered to be among the best handwoven silk in India. A long standing weaving tradition, the patola silks fall under the resist-dyed category of textiles where both weft and warp threads are dyed before the weaving begins. Although the patola textiles were extremely popular in the global market in the 18th and 19th centuries, especially in Indonesia, this weaving technique and the textiles face an imminent danger of extinction. Today, there is only one family in Patan that still practices this art. This research aims at examining the history of this textile and its significance in globalization and crosscultural exchange. It explores museological strategies that could generate models for preserving and valorizing this as well as other cultural expressions in danger of disappearing in contemporary India.Fabriqués dans la ville de Patan située dans l’état de Gujarat dans l’ouest de l’Inde, les textiles patola figurent parmi les plus anciens et les meilleurs textiles indiens. La particularité de ces soieries confectionnées suivant le procédé de double ikat, reste dans la complexité de sa technique de tissage ainsi que le métier à tisser utilisé dans sa fabrication. En tant que marchandises les plus précieuses, ils ont connu un succès dans le marché international dans les XVIIIe et XIXe siècles dans les pays de l’Asie du Sud-est, notamment en Indonésie. A l’heure actuelle, n’y ayant qu’une seule famille à pratiquer cette technique en Inde, un risque imminent de disparition de cet art persiste. Cette étude examine l’histoire des patola ainsi que son rôle dans le mondialisation et l’échange culturel. A travers ce travail, nous proposons des stratégies muséographiques qui pourront éventuellement servir comme base pour la conservation et valorisation de cet art mais également d’autres expressions culturelles en péril en Inde contemporaine