Parental attitude about vaccination of their daughters against HPV to prevent cervical cancer

Objective: To evaluate public knowledge about HPV through opinion gathering and behavior analysis. Method: This is a transversal, exploratory, quantitative study involving individuals who are legal guardians of at least one daughter (under the age of 26 years and 11 months). We conducted 455 structured interviews with sociodemographic valid data, level of information, and opinion about vaccination against HPV. Results: Knowledge about the vaccine contemplated 79.3% of the sample, with 92.7% approval of the vaccination policy; knowledge about HPV is adequate mainly among women, Caucasian, residents of the central region, and inadequate knowledge is evident in poorer and unmarried populations. Conclusions: The sample agrees with the extension of the age range of the campaign for free distribution of the vaccine, coupled with education to improve knowledge on the effectiveness of vaccines in the underserved populations. However, we have concluded that in the age group proposed by the policy, 9 to 13 years old, parents should be responsible for the decision to vaccinate their daughters.Objetivo: Avaliar o nível de conhecimento sobre o papilomavírus humano (HPV) e obter opiniões e comportamentos sobre a vacinação. Método: Estudo transversal, exploratório e quantitativo, incluindo indivíduos que fossem responsáveis legais por pelo menos uma filha (com idade inferior a 26 anos e 11 meses). Realizaram-se 455 entrevistas estruturadas válidas com os dados sociodemográficos, nível de informação e opinião acerca do tema. Resultados: O conhecimento sobre a vacina contemplou 79,3% da amostra, com 92,7% de aprovação do programa; o conhecimento sobre o HPV é adequado, principalmente entre mulheres, de cor branca e residente na região central, mas é menor em pessoas com renda até dois salários mínimos e solteiras. Conclusões: A amostra concorda com a extensão da faixa etária da campanha, caso haja distribuição gratuita, bem como acredita na eficácia da vacina. Entretanto, acreditam que, na faixa etária proposta da campanha, de 9 a 13 anos, os pais deveriam ser os responsáveis pela decisão de vacinar suas filhas, não cabendo a elas ou aos órgãos de saúde essa escolha

Água tratada: um estudo sobre o tratamento de água na cidade de Anápolis

Este estudo objetivou analisar a qualidade da água potável distribuída pela Saneago através do sistema Piancó no município de Anápolis, Goiás. Utilizando uma abordagem exploratória, amostras de água foram coletadas em pontos residenciais em setembro de 2023 e submetidas a análises sensoriais, físico-químicas e microbiológicas em laboratório. As análises sensoriais e físico-químicas seguiram as diretrizes do Manual de Métodos Físico-Químicos para Análise de Alimentos (Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 4ª Edição, 2008) e as análises microbiológicas seguirão o Manual de Microbiologia de Alimentos (3ª Edição, 2007) e procedimentos operacionais padrões. O estudo abrangeu 16 bairros distribuídos em 8 regiões distintas. Foram avaliados parâmetros como Cor, Odor, Aspecto, Determinação de cloreto, Dureza Total, pH, Sólidos Dissolvidos Totais, Turbidez e Coliformes Totais. Os resultados foram comparados com as normas vigentes de potabilidade, visando determinar se a água do sistema Piancó está em conformidade com as regulamentações de qualidade. Os testes indicam que a água em todos os bairros avaliados está em conformidade com os padrões de potabilidade, tanto em características sensoriais quanto em indicadores físico-químicos e microbiológicos. A empresa continuará monitorando e trabalhando para garantir a qualidade da água fornecida aos moradores

The coffee leaf rust pathogen Hemileia vastatrix: one and a half centuries around the tropics

Pathogen profileTaxonomy and History: Hemileia vastatrix Berk. and Broome (Basidiomycota, Pucciniales) was described in 1869 in eastern Africa and Ceylon as the agent of coffee leaf rust and has spread to all coffee cultivation areas worldwide. Major disease outbreaks in Asia, Africa and America caused and continue to cause severe yield losses, making this the most important disease of Arabica coffee, a cash crop for many tropical and subtropical countries. Life cycle and Disease symptoms: Hemileia vastatrix is a hemicyclic fungus with the urediniosporic life cycle as its most important (if not only) source of inoculum. Chlorotic spots are the first macroscopic symptoms, preceding the differentiation of suprastomatal, bouquet-shaped, orange-coloured uredinia. The disease can cause yield losses of up to 35% and have a polyetic epidemiological impact on subsequent years. Disease control: Although the use of fungicides is one of the preferred immediate control measures, the use of resistant cultivars is considered to be the most effective and durable disease control strategy. The discovery of ‘H ıbrido de Timor’ provided sources of resistance that have been used in several breeding programmes and that have been proven to be effective and durable, as some have been in use for more than 30 years. Genetic diversity and Molecular pathogenicity: Although exhibiting limited genetic polymorphism, the very large genome of H. vastatrix (c. 797 Mbp) conceals great pathological diversity, with more than 50 physiological races. Gene expression studies have revealed a very precocious activation of signalling pathways and production of putative effectors, suggesting that the plant–fungus dialogue starts as early as at the germ tube stage, and have provided clues for the identification of avr genesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Genomic Ancestry, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 Among Latin Americans

We present the distribution of CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 variants and predicted phenotypes in 33 native and admixed populations from Ibero-America (n > 6,000) in the context of genetic ancestry (n = 3,387). Continental ancestries are the major determinants of frequencies of the increased-activity allele CYP2C19*17 and CYP2C19 gUMs (negatively associated with Native American ancestry), decreased-activity alleles CYP2D6*41 and CYP2C9*2 (positively associated with European ancestry), and decreased-activity alleles CYP2D6*17 and CYP2D6*29 (positively associated with African ancestry). For the rare alleles, CYP2C9*2 and CYPC19*17, European admixture accounts for their presence in Native American populations, but rare alleles CYP2D6*5 (null-activity), CYP2D6-multiplication alleles (increased activity), and CYP2C9*3 (decreased-activity) were present in the pre-Columbian Americas. The study of a broad spectrum of Native American populations from different ethno-linguistic groups show how autochthonous diversity shaped the distribution of pharmaco-alleles and give insights on the prevalence of clinically relevant phenotypes associated with drugs, such as paroxetine, tamoxifen, warfarin, and clopidogrel

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe