59101 research outputs found

    Orchestration of Multiple Corporate Entrepreneurship Units

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    Um in dem dynamischen Umfeld von heute bestehen zu können, müssen sich die Unternehmen an die sich ändernden Anforderungen anpassen. Dies erfordert von den Unternehmen mehr diskontinuierliche Innovationen in Form von grundlegend neuen Angeboten und tiefgreifender organisationaler Transformation. Im Vergleich zu Startups haben etablierte Unternehmen damit große Schwierigkeiten. Um unternehmerischer und anpassungsfähiger zu werden, haben etablierte Unternehmen daher über die Jahre hinweg alternative Ansätze zur Schaffung diskontinuierlicher Innovationen entwickelt. Dies hat zu verschiedenen Formen wie Acceleratoren, Inkubatoren, Corporate Venture Capital Einheiten oder Company Buildern geführt, die dem Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE) zugeordnet werden können. Indem Unternehmen mit diesem neuen Ansatz zur Schaffung von Innovationen experimentieren, haben sie unlängst damit begonnen, parallel mehrere CE Einheiten einzusetzen. Die Aufmerksamkeit von Management und Forschung lag dabei bisher vorwiegend auf dem gezielten Einsatz und der Optimierung einzelner CE Einheiten. Obwohl es durchaus gute Argumente für eine übergreifende Koordination in Praxis (Synergien) und Wissenschaft (Unsicherheit, Interdependenzen) gibt, blieb das Feld bisher weitgehend unerforscht. Die Forschung dieser Dissertation zielte daher darauf ab, einen Beitrag zur Frage zu leisten, wie etablierte Unternehmen ihre CE Einheiten koordinieren, um die Schaffung von diskontinuierlichen Innovationen zu verbessern. Die Forschung orientierte sich strukturell an der "CIMO-Logik", die empfiehlt, den Kontext, die durchgeführten Interventionen, die zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen und die daraus resultierenden Ergebnisse zu berücksichtigen, um das Gesamtverständnis eines Phänomens zu verbessern. Entlang der CIMO-Elemente wurden mehrere Forschungsfragen formuliert. Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen wurde ein explorativer Forschungsansatz verwendet, bei dem sowohl qualitative als auch quantitative Methoden zum Einsatz kamen, was zu sieben, an verschiedenen Stellen veröffentlichten Studien führte. Im Zuge dessen wurde eine Vielzahl etablierter Unternehmen aus der deutschen Industrie untersucht, woraus verschiedene neuartige Erkenntnisse gewonnen werden konnten. So wurden zum Beispiel Gründe für den Einsatz mehrerer CE Einheiten identifiziert und die parallele Nutzung von CE-Einheiten entlang verschiedener Charakteristika beschrieben. Darauf aufbauend wurde die spezifische Art der Koordination und der (eher dynamischen, proaktiveren, befähigenderen und subtileren) Orchestrierung von CE Einheiten herausgearbeitet und anhand einer Reihe von identifizierten Koordinationsmitteln und -mechanismen genauer beschrieben. Darüber hinaus wurden vier Archetypen der Orchestrierung differenziert und das Konzept der Co-Spezialisierung als eine zentrale Voraussetzung für die dynamische Schaffung von Innovationen identifiziert. Schließlich zeigte die Untersuchung verschiedene potentielle Synergien auf und dass die Innovativität der Unternehmen insgesamt umso höher ist, je heterogener die CE Einheiten (koordiniert) sind. Dies resultierte in einem verbesserten Verständnis des Phänomens, das die abschließende Formulierung eines Beitrags zur CE Literatur und der Asset Orchestration Theory sowie die Identifikation zahlreicher Implikationen für die Praxis und Richtungen für zukünftige Forschung ermöglichte

    Advancing actinide high-energy resolution X-ray absorption/emission spectroscopic tools

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    Bi-allelic PRMT9 loss-of-function variants cause a syndromic form of intellectual disability

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    Summary Protein arginine methyltransferase 9 (PRMT9) is part of the PRMT family, and it is suspected to function in pathways relevant to neuro-development. It is thought to participate in alternative splicing through interactions with the splicing factor SF3B2 (SAP145). In this study, we report 26 families (35 individuals) with bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in PRMT9, implicating PRMT9 in an autosomal- recessive human disease. Individuals primarily present with a eurodevelopmental disorder characterized by global developmental delay, learning disabilities, mild to severe intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, epilepsy, and hypotonia. The mutation spectrum includes 26 different variants such as frameshifting indels, nonsense variants, missense variants, and two copy-number variants. Mapping of the disease-causing missense variants onto the crystal structure of PRMT9 revealed that several of the variants reside within the catalytically active module of PRMT9, likely impairing its methyltransferase activity and resulting in a loss of function. In skin fibroblasts derived from affected individuals, we observed reduced expression at the RNA and/or protein level and subsequent aberrant methylation activity. Moreover, transcriptomic analysis of fibroblasts from affected individuals indicated differential expression of genes related to intellectual disability, autism, and cilia, suggesting a role of PRMT9 during ciliogenesis. Under ciliogenesis conditions, the skin-derived fibroblasts exhibited anomalies in the length of primary cilia but normal amounts of cilia. In addition, a prmt9 knockout zebrafish model displayed abnormal social preference in adult animals. Altogether, our findings implicate bi-allelic PRMT9 loss-of-function variants as causal for neurodevelopmental disorders

    Attack Once, Compromise All? On the Scalability of Attacks

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    Electronic voting schemes are often criticized for being insecure, on the grounds that a successful attack would allow an adversary to manipulate all votes at once. It is argued that attacks therefore have a higher impact at lower adversary costs compared to paper-based schemes, where attacks are cumbersome. In this paper, we propose a framework to quantify how prone different protocols are to attacks that scale well. For this purpose, we introduce the notion of scalability of attacks. We give the adversary access to an oracle which can break common cryptographic building blocks and assumptions and analyze how many inputs of a (multiparty computation) protocol they can learn or manipulate for each oracle access. The more inputs are affected, the more susceptible the protocol is to attacks that scale well. We compare several pairs of protocols solving the same problem in different ways in three examples and analyze the scalability of attacks on each protocol. We find that some protocols have a fatal breakdown, i.e. all inputs are affected with only one access to the oracle, while other protocols scale linearly or have a threshold, where the number of affected inputs increases drastically from one access to the other. Our framework provides strong arguments in favoring one voting scheme over another. It enables voting authorities to compare schemes that appear equally secure at first glance, and to consider the scalability of attacks when deciding on a scheme

    Bragg magnifier optics for dose-efficient X-ray phase contrast imaging

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    Propagation-based X-ray phase contrast imaging (PB-PCI) enables the visualization of soft materials and tissues by exploiting the coherent self-interference of the diffracted wavefield behind the sample, which evolves into intensity contrast as the propagation distance between the sample and the detector increases. While phase contrast imaging allows significantly reducing the dose compared to conventional X-ray absorption imaging, the ionizing nature of X-rays still induces radiation damage. The dose therefore needs to be further reduced both for high, micrometer resolution in vivo\textit{in vivo} and in situ\textit{in situ} imaging of biological or radiation-sensitive samples, as well as for imaging at moderate resolution of tens to hundreds of micrometers, e.g., in (bio)medical research and diagnostics. However, both resolution regimes face severe constraints. On the one hand, conventional high-resolution detectors suffer from decreasing efficiency with increasing resolution. On the other hand, PB-PCI at moderate resolution requires propagation distances of hundreds of meters to generate sufficient image contrast. The main objective of this work is to push the limits of dose-efficient X-ray imaging by optimizing the entire imaging process of PB-PCI with respect to the deposited dose. In a first part, high-resolution imaging with highest dose efficiency is realized by combining PB-PCI, asymmetric Bragg crystal optics, and a single photon counting detector, thereby operating close to the theoretical limit of dose efficiency for PB-PCI. The superior imaging performance of the developed system compared to conventional detector systems is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally, and in particular, a substantial increase in dose efficiency is shown for high spatial frequencies, which comprise the relevant high-resolution components of the image. The technique’s potential is exemplified by a pilot in vivo\textit{in vivo} study of submillimeter-sized parasitoid wasps inside their hosts with unprecedentedly long observation times. Second, for imaging large, centimeter-sized samples at moderate resolution, a new technique is introduced that allows achieving high propagation-based image contrast within a meter-scale setup, thereby eliminating the need for very long wavefield propagation distances. Simultaneously, the technique reduces image blur caused by the finite size of the X-ray source. The strong increase in image contrast is demonstrated in a proof-of-concept experiment, realized by asymmetric Bragg crystal optics with reversed optical path. This approach paves the way for low-dose studies of large radiation-sensitive specimens, with potential applications ranging from biomedical soft tissue and small animal in vivo\textit{in vivo} imaging up to medical diagnostics, e.g., the early detection of breast cancer

    Kamerabasierte Goniophotometrie

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