Connectionism Reconsidered: Minds, Machines and Models

In this paper the issue of drawing inferences about biological cognitive systems on the basis of connectionist simulations is addressed. In particular, the justification of inferences based on connectionist models trained using the backpropagation learning algorithm is examined. First it is noted that a justification commonly found in the philosophical literature is inapplicable. Then some general issues are raised about the relationships between models and biological systems. A way of conceiving the role of hidden units in connectionist networks is then introduced. This, in combination with an assumption about the way evolution goes about solving problems, is then used to suggest a means of justifying inferences about biological systems based on connectionist research

Policy Requirements in the EU and the Existing Array of Indicators Problem Definition, Policy Performance and the Implications of Reform

Policies involving agriculture require information about production of commodities and about the firms that produce them. Understanding the behaviour of the family-firm is central to many issues and increasingly relevant as objectives evolve and the pluriactive nature of farm households is recognised. Policy reform is likely to concentrate interest on the welfare of the agricultural household and the various sources of income that accrue to it. However, statistics that have the household-firm at their centre are poorly developed compared with those on agricultural activity. Reasons are explored and opportunities identified to correct this imbalance.Agricultural and Food Policy,

Measures of Economic Status - Combining Income and Wealth into a Single Measure of the Potential Command Over Goods and Services

The purpose of this paper is to stimulate discussion on the way that economists, statisticians and analysts treat the wealth of agricultural households and changes in that wealth not arising from production. The concept of "economic status" is revisited and the implications of using it when making comparisons of agricultural households with other groups in society is reviewed. A more explicit treatment of capital and wealth is proposed.Consumer/Household Economics,

Rural Development Policies and Agricultural Adjustment

Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development,

Impact of the commercial fishery on the population of bait shrimp (Penaeus spp.) in Biscayne Bay, 1986

Monthly population size of bait shrimp in the Bay was estimated from December 1984 to July 1985. Growth rates for male and female P. duorarum showed that pink shrimp exhibit a mean residence time in the nursery area (Biscayne Bay) of approximately 21 weeks. Monthly mortality rates were determined for each sex of pink shrimp. It was estimated that 23% and 26% of the male and female monthly population size, respectively, was absorbed by both the fishery and ecosystem monthly. Monthly proportion of the standing stock expected to die exclusively through fishing was 6.5% and 6.0% for males and females respectively. Estimates of emigration rates showed that approximately 4.0% of the population was lost from the Bay system each month. This surplus production was about 50% of the average monthly catch by the fleet. Fishing mortality represents only 8 - 9% of the losses to the shrimp population. The biggest source of loss is emigration, suggesting that most shrimp beyond the size at recruitment (to the fishery) are not utilized for food while in the Bay. Thus, it appears that the direct impact of the fishery on the bait shrimp population is relatively small. (PDF contains 46 pages

Performance of the CDF Calorimeter Simulation in Tevatron Run II

The CDF experiment is successfully collecting data from ppbar collisions at the Tevatron in Run II. As the data samples are getting larger, systematic uncertainties due to the measurement of the jet energy scale assessed using the calorimeter simulation have become increasingly important. In many years of operation, the collaboration has gained experience with GFLASH, a fast parametrization of electromagnetic and hadronic showers used for the calorimeter simulation. We present the performance of the calorimeter simulation and report on recent improvements based on a refined in situ tuning technique. The central calorimeter response is reproduced with a precision of 1-2%.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures; LaTeX2e, 10 .eps files, uses aipproc.cls, aipxfm.sty and aip-6s.clo (included). Contribution to the Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Calorimetry in High Energy Physics (CALOR06), June 5-9, 2006, Chicago (IL), USA. To be published by American Institute of Physics (AIP

Policies Affecting or Facilitating Resource Adjustment in Agriculture in the European Union

Structural policy in the EU is ambiguous in its aims and contains conflicting elements. Interventions to ease change are combined with defensive measures that support income and discourage some aspects of adjustment. Structural change is a complex process and the number of farms is an incomplete indicator. Most adjustment takes place without active public assistance. Structural measures at EU level are now mostly within the rural development pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy. Their performance is mixed. However, many countries also have national policies, especially on taxation and land transfer, whose influence on adjustment must not be overlooked.adjustment, farm, income, policy, rural development, taxation, Agricultural and Food Policy,

Structural Change in EU Agriculture and the Supply of Social Attributes

The social attributes that agriculture is assumed to provide in its multifunctional role are analysed. Links with structural characteristics are examined and questions raised on the extent to which these are dependent on sustaining the present structure of EU agriculture. The nature of an efficient policy to provide these attributes is explored, with pointers for the next round of rural development policy. Our conclusion is that non-agricultural policies may be far more significant to the supply of social attributes than those conventionally seen as agricultural and rural developmental, suggesting that general community regeneration policies and "rural proofing" of general policies will be important for the future.multifunctionality, social attributes, sustainability, rural development, CAP, Agricultural and Food Policy,