SURVEY PENGETAHUAN TENTANG PENCEGAHAN COVID-19 PADA MAHASISWA UNIVERSITAS CITRA BANGSA KUPANG

Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) becomes a serious problem across the world nowadays due to it could cause death for the community and health workers, hence it becomes a priority of the service to both global health and nation. Knowledge of the student against the pandemic of Covid-19 are significant to reduce the Covid-19 transmission.  This research is aimed to describe the knowledge on Covid-19 prevention to the Student of Citra Bangsa Kupang University. This research used a quantitative research design with a descriptive survey approach. The sample collected consists of 144 respondents of the student at the Citra Bangsa University of Kupang by using a cluster sampling technique. The technique of analyzing data used was a univariate analysis technique with the frequency of distribution variable. The instrument used as a tool of analysis data was a questionnaire shared through a google form. The results of the analysis showed that of the knowledge student against Covid-19 prevention are; total of 97 respondents (67.4%) of student have good knowledge of Covid-19 preventions. The student of the Citra Bangsa University of Kupang is expected to health protocol and continue enhancing knowledge to face the pandemic of Covid-19, to reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission.   Keywords: Knowledge,  Covid-19.Corona Virus Dissease (COVID 19) menjadi masalah serius bagi dunia saat ini dan dapat menyebabkan kematian bagi masyarakat maupun tenaga kesehatan, sehingga COVID-19 sampai saat ini masih menjadi prioritas pelayanan bagi dunia kesehatan dan negara. Pengetahuan mahasiswa dalam menghadapi pandemi COVID-19 sangatlah penting untuk dapat mengurangi resiko penularan COVID-19. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pengetahuan mahasiswa Universitas Citra Bangsa Kupang tentang pencegahan COVID-19. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif survei. Jumlah sampel yang diambil dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 144 responden mahasiswa di Universitas Citra Bangsa Kupang dengan menggunakan teknik cluster sampling. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah Teknik analisis univariat dengan menyajikan distribusi frekuensi variable. Instrumen yang digunakan sebagai alat analisis dalam penelitian ini adalah kuesioner yang disebarkan melalui google form. Hasil analisis menunjukkan tingkat pengetahuan mahasiswa tentang pencegahan COVID-19 sebagian besar berada pada kategori baik dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 97 (67,4%). Mahasiswa Universitas Citra Bangsa Kupang diharapkan untuk menaati protokol kesehatan dan tetap meningkatkan pengetahuan dalam menghadapi pandemi COVID-19 sehingga mahasiswa dapat mengurangi resiko penularan COVID-19.   Kata Kunci: Pengetahuan, COVID-19

Tabagismo em gestantes de área urbana da região Sul do Brasil: 1982 e 1993

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as mudanças na prevalência de tabagismo durante a gravidez na cidade de Pelotas, RS, Brasil, com base nos estudos da população materno-infantil realizados nos anos de 1982 e 1993. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal, tendo sido identificados 6.011 e 5.304 recém-nascidos, cujas famílias residiam na área urbana da cidade de Pelotas, respectivamente em 1982 e 1993. RESULTADOS: O tabagismo materno durante a gestação apresentou uma discreta redução de 35,7%, em 1982, para 33,5% em 1993 (p < 0,05). O hábito de fumar esteve inversamente relacionado com a renda e o número de consultas no pré-natal.OBJECTIVE: A comparison between on the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in 1982 and that in 1993 in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional study. All hospital deliveries in 1982 and 1993 - corresponding to over 99% of all births in those years - were studied. A total of 6,011 and 5,304 mothers were interviewed, respectively. RESULTS: The prevalence of smoking during pregnancy showed a small decrease from 35.7% in 1982 to 33.5% in 1993 (p < 0.05). In the two years under study, family income and number of antenatal care visits were inversely associated with the prevalence of maternal smoking. The rate of stopping smoking during pregnancy was 20.6%

Violência na infância: desafio para a equipe de enfermagem/ Violence in childhood: challenge for the nursing team

Introdução: a criança é um indivíduo em contínuo desenvolvimento, ativo, cercado de curiosidade e criatividade. Porém, ao mesmo tempo é indefeso e delicado, necessitando de amparo e atenção dos seus familiares, da sociedade e do governo. Em muitas situações a criança que sofre algum tipo de violência necessita de atendimento hospitalar, onde neste ambiente o enfermeiro irá conduzir a situação, necessitando estar preparado para melhor condução do caso; sendo preciso equilíbrio para lidar com a criança e sua família. Este estudo, realizado através de buscas avançadas na literatura, evidenciará, portanto, as restrições e facilidades da prática dos profissionais da enfermagem que atuam no hospital de emergência e se deparam diariamente com crianças violentadas. Objetivo: como objetivo têm-se a reflexão sobre o desafio da equipe de enfermagem diante da violência na infância e especificação a partir do levantamento literário das características que compõem o cuidado de enfermagem a essas crianças indefesas. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo de revisão de literatura e reflexão sobre a temática abordada que oferece, através do estudo de pesquisas anteriores, conhecimentos e aplicabilidade de resultados significativos na prática do cuidado em saúde. Resultados: identificaram-se 505 publicações relacionadas com os descritores utilizados nesta pesquisa nos últimos cinco anos, dentre elas, após as etapas subsequentes de leitura do título 134 foram selecionados para leitura dos resumos e posteriormente a leitura na íntegra. No entanto, 116 deles não continham alguns dos critérios de inclusão. Dos artigos restantes (18), alguns se repetiam nas diferentes bases de dados (seis), sendo, portanto, excluídos deste trabalho. A amostra final foi composta de 11 artigos científicos originais. Considerações finais: destaca-se como desafiador no cotidiano de trabalho do enfermeiro o atendimento às crianças vítima de violência. A pesquisa confirma o pressuposto de que os enfermeiros apresentam dificuldades ao se depararem com crianças vitimizadas e se vêem em meio a conflitos relacionados a normas culturais, éticas e legais, o que requer conhecimento da legislação para uma assistência efetiva às necessidades das vítimas e das suas famílias.

Accelerating Drug Discovery Efforts for Trypanosomatidic Infections Using an Integrated Transnational Academic Drug Discovery Platform

According to the World Health Organization, more than 1 billion people are at risk of or are affected by neglected tropical diseases. Examples of such diseases include trypanosomiasis, which causes sleeping sickness; leishmaniasis; and Chagas disease, all of which are prevalent in Africa, South America, and India. Our aim within the New Medicines for Trypanosomatidic Infections project was to use (1) synthetic and natural product libraries, (2) screening, and (3) a preclinical absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion\u2013toxicity (ADME-Tox) profiling platform to identify compounds that can enter the trypanosomatidic drug discovery value chain. The synthetic compound libraries originated from multiple scaffolds with known antiparasitic activity and natural products from the Hypha Discovery MycoDiverse natural products library. Our focus was first to employ target-based screening to identify inhibitors of the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei pteridine reductase 1 (TbPTR1) and second to use a Trypanosoma brucei phenotypic assay that made use of the T. brucei brucei parasite to identify compounds that inhibited cell growth and caused death. Some of the compounds underwent structure-activity relationship expansion and, when appropriate, were evaluated in a preclinical ADME-Tox assay panel. This preclinical platform has led to the identification of lead-like compounds as well as validated hits in the trypanosomatidic drug discovery value chain

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

Multidifferential study of identified charged hadron distributions in ZZ-tagged jets in proton-proton collisions at s=\sqrt{s}=13 TeV

Jet fragmentation functions are measured for the first time in proton-proton collisions for charged pions, kaons, and protons within jets recoiling against a $Z$ boson. The charged-hadron distributions are studied longitudinally and transversely to the jet direction for jets with transverse momentum 20 $< p_{\textrm{T}} < 100$ GeV and in the pseudorapidity range $2.5 < \eta < 4$. The data sample was collected with the LHCb experiment at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.64 fb$^{-1}$. Triple differential distributions as a function of the hadron longitudinal momentum fraction, hadron transverse momentum, and jet transverse momentum are also measured for the first time. This helps constrain transverse-momentum-dependent fragmentation functions. Differences in the shapes and magnitudes of the measured distributions for the different hadron species provide insights into the hadronization process for jets predominantly initiated by light quarks.Comment: All figures and tables, along with machine-readable versions and any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-013.html (LHCb public pages

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

BACKGROUND: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. METHODS: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0-75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4-97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8-80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3-4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D'Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca